(2018). (2020). By contrast, the process parameters in the white-box model are derived from mass, energy, and momentum conservation equations. Scilab (2021). Continuous System Simulation. (2020). According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2019 (IEA, 2019), gas-fired power generation accounted for approximately 24% of the total share of worldwide electricity generation, dominated by combined-cycle power plants. Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Combined-Cycle Power Plant. Starting from the unit with known input streams and specifications (e.g., the pump), its output flow properties are computed by solving the constitutive equations of the unit (energy, mass, and atomic balance, performance correlations). doi:10.33552/GJES.2021.07.000652, Ratliff, P., Garbett, P., and Fischer, W. (2007). Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes. (2016) extended the HRSG superstructure to include a wider variety of possible HRSG configurations and compared two optimization problems: i) the maximization of the total net power for a given total heat transfer area, and ii) the minimization of the total heat transfer area for a given total net power. A promising match between the model and the operational data has been shown. Recent software alleviates the users effort in initializing the solution by adopting ad hoc routines (e.g., doing some iterations with the sequential modular approach). Comput. Three factors are essential to assess the practical flexibility of a thermal power plant: shut-down/start-up time, maximum load gradient (positive and negative), and minimum load. doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2012.06.011. AxCYCLE allows users to quickly and easily ORC design, analyze and optimize various thermodynamic cycles (thermodynamic simulation and heat balance calculations), including Waste . The steady-state model of a steam cycle power plant, similarly to chemical processes, consists of a set of equations describing the thermo-chemical phenomena occurring in each piece of equipment. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.06.017, Benato, A., Stoppato, A., and Mirandola, A. For example, for boilers, rating software like FRNC-5PC (FRNC-5PC, 2021) is commonly adopted. Different transient conditions are tested and the developed model was used to improve the plant flexibility. doi:10.1115/1.2017-dec-13. Clean. The number of model boundary conditions is minimized (only the coal composition, the inlet temperatures, and the mass flow rates of the cooling water into the condensers). doi:10.1615/ichmt.1996.transientconvheattransf.220, Benato, A., Bracco, S., Stoppato, A., and Mirandola, A. doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.06.017. The study concludes that the once-through HRSG is favorable for combined-cycle plants with enhanced flexibility requirements, at the cost of slightly increased heat exchanger surface of the HP circuit (approximately 9% in the given case). Chem. Liu et al. Novel Shortcut Optimization Model for Regenerative Steam Power Plant. Allied with the AxSTREAM platform AxCYCLE allows designers to perform a very significant part of Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) design, analysis and optimization. Thermoflow 21 Free Download - Get Into PC 139 (12), 4850. However, such an optimization problem would be extremely challenging owing to a large number of variables (mixed binary, discrete, and continuous) and nonlinear nonconvex constraints. TABLE 3. Energy 41 (1), 113120. Also Pinch-analysis-based and exergy analysis based approaches have been proposed to optimize the efficiency of Rankine/steam cycles without dealing with the optimization of the HEN: for instance (Yu et al., 2015) defined a methodology predicting the Pinch position between the heat source and the working fluid to calculate the heat recovered and determine the optimum working fluid and operating conditions; (Marchal and Kalitventzeff, 1998, 1999) proposed an energy targeting methodology to optimize the structure and flow rate of steam cycles and steam networks; (Martelli et al., 2011) developed an energy targeting optimization tool to maximize the efficiency of heat recovery steam cycles integrated with multiple heat sources. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1198. You can also download ADINA System 2018 Free Download. GAMS Solvers. Appl. The state-of-the-art waste incinerator burns 6kg/s of waste (500 tons per day) and can reach an electrical gross efficiency of 30%. (2018). Spinelli, M., Campanari, S., Romano, M. C., Consonni, S., Kreutz, T. G., Ghezel-Ayagh, H., et al. 99, 114132. For example, Sumitomo Foster Wheeler will commission the worlds largest biomass-only fluidized bed furnace with a power output of about 300 MWel in 2020, in Teesside, United Kingdom (Wheeler, 2016). (2002). Furthermore, little attention has been paid to the dynamic study of municipal waste incinerators. Thermoeconomic Optimisation of Heat Recovery Steam Generators of Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Plants Considering Off-Design Operation. Energy 131, 425440. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823377-1.50250-0, Elsido, C., Martelli, E., and Kreutz, T. (2019). These approaches can be classified into three main categories: 1. 51, 5564. Also, automation and electrical systems are necessary to control and calculate the electrical power consumption of the process components during transients. Glob. (1982). J. Glob. Although all coal-fired power plants follow the same working principle, each plant is uniquely engineered, resulting in various operation modes and dynamic behavior. Alobaid et al. J. Greenhouse Gas Control. Therm. (2016) proposed a superstructure and a MINLP model for the integration of utility system and HEN, in which the integration between utility system and HEN is limited to steam condensate and boiler feedwater. Zhang et al. Fast response capability represents a competitive advantage for the operator in a changing market environment due to the increasing shares of renewable feed-in. Nonlinear Programming: Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications to Chemical Processes. Mertens et al. J. Eng. For these reasons, sequential-modular software must be carefully used when modeling steam cycle power plants that feature at least one (basic steam cycle) or multiple (e.g., heat recovery steam cycles with multiple pressure levels, coal-fired steam cycles with multiple regenerators) closed loops. Processes | Free Full-Text | Numerical Simulation of Dynamic A New Pinch Based Method for Simultaneous Selection of Working Fluid and Operating Conditions in an ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle) Recovering Waste Heat. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 6) Direct and indirect capital costs involved in the project are assessed. Solargeothermal Hybrid Cycle Analysis for Low Enthalpy Solar and Geothermal Resources. Examples of conventional steam cycle-based power plants include coal-fired power plants (Speight, 2013), gas-steam turbine combined-cycles (Kehlhofer et al., 2009), and nuclear power plants (Rinzic, 2017) (either boiling water reactor or pressurized water reactor); examples of novel plant concepts include concentrated solar power plants (Peinado Gonzalo et al., 2019), integrated solar combined-cycles (Dersch et al., 2004), waste to energy plants (Bogale and Vigan, 2014), integrated gasification combined-cycles (Martelli et al., 2011), electricity/hydrogen/synfuels polygeneration plants (Larson et al., 2009), power plants with CO2 capture and storage (Spinelli et al., 2015) and all the cycles that are specifically designed for industrial processes (typically for combined heat and power applications or for heat recovery). Matlab (2021). The interested reader can find further details about steam cycles in ref. Considerable developments were then carried out including high-temperature-resistant materials, low-NOx combustors, and innovative cooling methods, which significantly improve the gas turbine performance. (2020) (in 2020, a state-of-the-art review on modeling and simulation of solid-fuel thermal power plants for flexible and off-design operation). Dynamic Simulation Model of Gas Turbine Based on Simulink [J]. Appl. Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Dynamic Simulation: a Physics Based Simple Approach. Hasan, N., Rai, J. N., and Arora, B. In the following section, the dynamic process simulation model applied for renewable-based power plants with steam cycles will be reviewed (see Table 6). J. Eng. (2011). Res., 168186. Chem. Design Calculation and Optimization of Conventional Steam Cycle Power Plants reviews the main contributions and software for the design and design optimization of non-conventional steam cycles. Fuel 116, 672691. Han, X.-g., Qu, W.-h., Dong, Y., and Nie, H.-g. (2010). Table 2 reports some of the most recent contributions on the optimization of heat recovery steam cycles for combined-cycle power plants. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.165, Huang, X., Lu, P., Luo, X., Chen, J., Yang, Z., Liang, Y., et al. of 43th Colloquium of Power Plant Technology, ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science. On the other hand, it shares the same disadvantages of the equation-oriented mode for simulation (need of proving a good starting guess for all variables, convergence issues in case of poor starting guesses/ill-conditioned problems/Jacobian singularity, the limited possibility of debugging). Available at: https://www.scilab.org/(Accessed May 5, 2021). Appl. Thermoflow Overview Can Glen, S., and Kim, K. (2014). For the thermal conversion of these fuels, both fluidized bed systems and waste incinerators use steam cycles to convert the combustion heat into electricity in an efficient way (see Figure 6). 444 Thermal flow performance simulation of an electronic - ResearchGate VDI-Verlag. Power Plant Simulation Software for Optimizing Thermodynamic and Energ. The first works are the sequential synthesis approaches proposed in (Duran and Grossmann, 1986; Marchal and Kalitventzeff, 1998; Mar chal and Kalitventzeff, 1999; Papoulias and Grossmann, 1983; Papoulias and Grossmann, 1983c): In the first step a targeting method is used to determine the optimal cycle configuration and steam flow rates (without dealing with the combinatorial problem associated with the design of the HEN) and, in a second step, the HEN is optimized (for fixed steam and utility mass flow rates). The New Siemens Gas Turbine Sgt5-8000h for More Customer Benefit. General-purpose process simulation software like Aspen Plus, ad hoc commercially available software like Steam Master (Thermoflow, 2021) and Thermoflex (Thermoflow, 2021), or user-defined codes can be used. Coupled Simulation and Validation of a Utility-Scale Pulverized Coal-Fired Boiler Radiant Final-Stage Superheater. 7, 114. Chem. Steam Turbine-Quo Vadis?. For this reason, current sequential-modular software integrate also relaxation and acceleration methods like the dominant eigenvalue method (Crowe and Nishio, 1975) and the wegstein method (Wegstein, 1958): FIGURE 1. Energy 86, 685695. Modeling of a Coal-Fired Natural Circulation Boiler. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2012.01.014. Technology 4 (10), 12091220. Elsevier. Dynamic Simulation of Concentrating Solar Plants. The average differences for the power outputs and thermal efficiencies of the gas turbine, steam cycle, and CCGT plant are less than 2.0%, 1.5%, and 0.6%, respectively. Sabia, G., Heinze, C., Alobaid, F., Martelli, E., and Epple, B. The main solution approaches adopted in the energy and process industry are called single-shooting, multiple-shooting, and collocation. Convers. ACM 1 (6), 913. The results show that the thermal stress peak is at the beginning of the ST loading phase and that both peak stress and start-up time can be considerably decreased with regard to the reference procedure. A Computer Method for thermal Power Cycle Calculation, in ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. The most basic iterative algorithm to solve such problems is called direct substitution and it consists of using the output of the current iteration as guessed value for the next one: xTk+1 = xTk. Accordingly, the complex and time-consuming two-fluid models are only implemented in few simulation programs such as APROS (APROS, 2021) and RELAP. Depending on the level of accuracy desired for the project (conceptual study, front-end engineering, etc. IFAC Proc. Comput. Since the number of required simulations grows exponentially with the number of independent optimization variables, the black-box approach is recommended only for problems with a limited number of optimization variables (<1020 for non-smooth black-box problems, up to 100 for smooth problems). Energ. However, it is favorable to dry the brown coal using a low temperature medium or using one of the external pre-drying techniques (Walter and Epple, 2017). Energy 149, 230249. Springer. Some works tackle the optimization of the cycle variables using the equation-oriented approach, although this requires the use of mathematical programming languages and the definition of the cycle modeling equations as constraints of the optimization problem. Available at: https://it.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html (Accessed May 5, 2021). 33, 217. Signal Process. After more than one century from its first use for electric power production, steam cycles are still the object of continuous research and development efforts worldwide. TIL is a Modelica library that helps you to better understand thermodynamic systems. Privacy Policy, 4601 Touchton Road East, Building 300, Suite 3280, Jacksonville FL 32246, USA. An overview of the state-of-the-art in steam turbine and steam cycle technology can be found in the recent publication (Gulen, 2020). A considerable amount of time is required to write all the optimization problem including all the power plant model equations f(x,z)=0 in a suitable mathematical programming software (e.g., GAMS, 2021; AMPL, 2021; Pyomo, 2021). doi:10.1016/j.solener.2011.10.025. Energ. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.659, Luo, X., Huang, X., El-Halwagi, M. M., Ponce-Ortega, J. M., and Chen, Y. (2017) proposed a multi-period approach based on process-graph models for the synthesis of integrated energy systems and poly-generation systems, formulated as a MILP problem. Analysis and optimisation of operation of modern hard coal-fired power plants through simulationBetriebsanalyse und-optimierung moderner Steinkohlekraftwerke durch Simulation. 91, 496506. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.055, Mertens, N., Alobaid, F., Starkloff, R., Epple, B., and Kim, H.-G. (2015). Such tear streams xT are selected either manually or automatically by the software using ad hoc algorithms. (2018a). Despite the large number of hot/cold streams and technical design/operational constraints, the methodology provided very good solutions featuring cost-effective designs. (2017) introduced a comprehensive dynamic simulation model of a coal-fired power plant using ThermalPower Library by Modelon. Optimal Synthesis and Design of Heat Recovery Steam Generation (HRSG) via Mathematical Programming. Renew. Comput. (2014) proposed a method for optimization of compact heat recovery steam cycles, Nadir and Ghenaiet (2015) and Valds and Rapn (2011) on heat recovery steam generators, Wang et al. Design and Simulation of a Prototype of a Small-Scale Solar CHP System Based on Evacuated Flat-Plate Solar Collectors and Organic Rankine Cycle. 22, 979993. Although someone can consider steam cycles as an obsolete technology, the analysis of the literature has shown that steam cycles are still the object of research and development efforts to improve their efficiency, operational flexibility, and range of applicability (i.e., tailoring their design for novel concepts of power plants such as concentrated solar power plants, integrated solar combined-cycle, waste to energy plants, electricity/hydrogen/synfuels polygeneration plants). The results show that the model is reliable and the maximum error is 1.47%. Management 198, 111926. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.111926, Bejan, A., Tsatsaronis, G., and Moran, M. (1996). Using the steady-state process simulation models, analyses of the thermodynamic properties of the water-steam side and flue gas path, as well as mass and energy flows, can be evaluated for a series of operating points. Process Modelling and Model Analysis. (2020b), extended the simultaneous synthesis methodology for the simultaneous multiperiod optimization of Steam/Rankine cycles and HENs capable of considering the off-design operating conditions expected across the lifetime, optimizing the operation of units (loads and on/off operation of boilers, gas turbines, etc) and including the integration with thermal energy storage systems. A: J. Numerical issues occur also if the Jacobian of the function f(x) is singular or nearly singular in some regions. (2018b), who developed a dynamic simulation model of a waste incinerator using APROS. Available at: https://www.gams.com/ (Accessed May 5, 2021). Comput. Inst. FIGURE 6. The methodology has been applied to two industrial energy system case studies taken from literature, to demonstrate the capability of the method to find improved solutions compared to schemes without steam cycle/ORC integration. 86 (7-8), 12741282. Optimising Energy Recovery and Use of Chemicals, Resources and Materials in Modern Waste-To-Energy Plants. First released in 1995,THERMOFLEX has been undercontinuous development ever since.Today, THERMOFLEX is the mostwell-proven fully-flexible heatbalance program available.The icon toolkit includes all thecomponent models and fluidproperties needed to build solarthermal power plant models. Experimentally validated axisymmetric simulation for thermo-fluid Indeed, optimizing the cycle configuration and the HEN arrangement involves binary decisions (installing or not installing HXs, drums, pressure levels, turbine sections, etc). DBSSPA Computer Program for Simulation of Controlled Circulation Boiler and Natural Circulation Boiler Start up Behavior. Coal-Fired Power Generation Handbook. General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) Webpage. - Marketing Consultant, Italy +39 02 264 17375: debonis@thermoflow.com