1 First Online: 17 September 2021 614 Accesses Part of the Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development book series (AAESPD) Abstract The process of gaining independence in Africa was accompanied by the intensified colonial liberation movements, elite struggle for power, and the formation of new state borders. OECD-UNDESA. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. URL: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/ethnicity-an-african-predicament/ (accessed: 08.01.2020). Industrialization in sub-Saharan Africa: Seizing Opportunities in Global Value Chains. Domestic workers, gardeners, handy-man services are provided by slum dwellers to rich-middle class counterparts in the core urban centers. Political clientelism refers to the (promise of) distribution of resources by political office holders or political candidates in exchange for political support, especially in the form of electoral votes (Gay, 1990). Prevailing designs for building prosperous, viable, stable states have changed markedly over sub-Saharan Africas first half-century of independence through reliance upon various hypothesized keys to overcoming fundamental and endemic manifestations of political and economic underdevelopment. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Human Secur. They reinvest the money inappropriately, boosting up industries that coat the pockets of already rich and powerful nations. Violence, peace, and peace research. However, leadership crisis in African states in the post-colonial era should be seen as multi-dimensional. Post-colonial Africa's urbanization experience has been a double-edged sword. AppendPDF Pro 6.3 Linux 64 bit Aug 30 2019 Library 15.0.4 If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. PDF COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL AFRICA - amherst.edu Book Review: The Postcolonial African State in Transition: Stateness Download Citation | On May 26, 2023, Stephen Phiri published African Conflict and the "Post-colonial" State | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Adisa (1994) examines the factors that prompt the problem of street violence, drugs and area boys in Nigeria. In: Vasiliev, A.M., Degterev, D.A., Shaw, T.M. The issue here, is that the nations do with the money what they think should be done with the money. Africa Overview (Updated March 27). According to the Urban Safety Reference Group, the interlinked dynamics of urbanization, marginalization, and poor social and physical environments increase the likelihood of crime and violence (South African Cities Network, 2016). post-colonial Africa, capitalist world economy, long-waves, uneven development, http://www.afdb.org/en/blogs/afdb-championing-inclusive-growth-across-africa/post/hemorrhage-of-illicit-financial-flows-in-africa-11859/, http://www.oecd.org/els/mig/World-Migration-in-Figures.pdf, http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/overview, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This paper set out to investigate conflicts in post colonial Africa with a view to unravelling the causes of such conflicts. This will provide the framework, literally, for the nations to homogenize and promote efficiency which will lead to development. Available online at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/lagos-africa-startup/capital/, Keywords: urbanization, human security, Agenda 2063, post-colonial Africa, slums/informal settlements, Citation: Eyita-Okon E (2022) Urbanization and human security in post-colonial Africa. He perceives political settlements as a combination of power and institutions that are mutually compatible and also sustainable in terms of economic and political viability. Despite the associated benefits of this project, national governments need to ensure that infrastructure development within their respective jurisdictions take into consideration the continental agenda and goal. Capital Flows and Growth in Africa. Through the Prism of Slavery: Labor, Capital and the World Economy. (1992). doi: 10.1080/14649880500120558, Gay, R. (1990). 2015. A combination of multiple causes explains the leadership failure in post-colonial African states. In this study, we conceptualize urban human security challenges as systemic/structural violence perpetuated by the state and international order. Synergy in policies, strategies, design, and project implementation on a national-regional-continental scale cannot be overemphasized. Available online at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/publication/industrialization-in-subsaharan-africa-seizing-opportunities-in-global-value-chains, Zandt, F. (2022). Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Search for other works by this author on: You do not currently have access to this article. MUSE delivers outstanding results to the scholarly community by maximizing revenues for publishers, providing value to libraries, and enabling access for scholars worldwide. 37, 1118. The present postcolonial State in Africa did not grow organically out of the body of Africa: it is an implant on the African body, hence the grotesque features of some, or many of the elements of the contemporary African State, and of contemporary political parties in Africa, which are also implants on the African body; the African body is rejecting many of these elements of the Western State. Nature 456 (Suppl 1), 3233. Can Africa Claim the 21st Century? Also, Johannesburg, South Africa is considered one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa with a mix of a booming population and an ever-increasing economic growth (Oluwole, 2022). 33 0 obj See below. The poster child for this growth is China, which has seen double digit growth every year for the past decade (World Bank, 2012). Long Waves of Capitalist Development: A Marxist Interpretation. In Africa, coordination across national, regional, and continental strategies are crucial. Sci. China doubles down on controversial African pipeline as Western lenders By 2030, the UN envisions that all across the globe will have access to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums; improved and affordable transport with attention to the needs of the vulnerable including persons with disability, women, children and elderly persons; enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries; protect and safeguard the world's cultural heritage; significantly reduce the number of deaths and decrease the direct economic losses relative to global GDP caused by disasters etc. The sporadic increase in informal settlement and slum partially accounts for this problem. In South Africa, the Department of Human Settlement is charged with addressing the urban divide through the provision of quality housing to all South African citizens. Foreign corporations extract profits from natural resources; take South Sudan and China for example. Ferguson, James. Rosenberg, Justin. Project Appraisal. 5 0 obj UN-Habitat. <>18]/P 21 0 R/Pg 52 0 R/S/Link>> Overview of Politics in the Post-Colonial Era African politics in the postcolonial era has been marred by authoritarianism, corruption, military intervention, and leadership failures amidst a broader socioeconomic crisis characterized by poverty. Poverty. Source: Ritchie and Roser (2018). 29. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3555512, Murillo, M. V., Oliveros, V., and Zarazaga, R. (2021). 2002. <>/Metadata 2 0 R/Outlines 5 0 R/Pages 3 0 R/StructTreeRoot 6 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> Aggarwal, V. K., and Dupont, C. (2008). You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Land Expropriation Without Compensation in South Africa: Why it is Sustainable. United Nations. 2 0 obj A prime example of this is South Sudan, who has abundant supplies of oil. Although, in the immediate period after decolonization under the auspice of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) newly independent governments were exclusively concerned with nation-building, of which infrastructure was integral. 257, 684691. endobj p. 755791. Accessed on 20 February 2014. Al-Jazeera provides a summation of the Tauregs struggle, explaining their roots being nomadic and spread out over Libya, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, and Algeria. doi: 10.2475/ajs.257.10.684, Sasu, D. D. (2022). Analysing the presence of colonial situations in policy choices and governance patterns, which link Africa's postcolonial present to their colonial past, this paper claims that the coloniality of power retains its salience in postcolonial Africa. Post-independence, infrastructure development has been integral to Africa's development strategy. George, Susan. Informal settlements and slums in Africa are characterized by spatially concentrated poverty and human rights abuses (Klopp and Paller, 2019). newly independent states. Whitaker, B. E., & Clark, J. F. (2018). (2008). New York, NY: Springer. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. Project MUSE - The Postcolonial State in Africa Brandt Commission. Perhaps, there is need to expand governance review mechanisms to include indicators drawing on the provisions of Agenda 2063. These areas rarely have access to basic social amenities like clean water, electricity, and good infrastructure (Bocquier, 2008). Also, using descriptive statistics, an overview of urbanization and human security trends are provided. (2018). Africa's Public Ser. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. (1986). World Bank. However, as slums and informal settlements became increasingly perceived as a threat to economic growth and development, African governments adopted various strategies to remedy the problem. Geogr. Structural violence constitutes the loss of life or reduced potential realizations owing to unequal distribution of resources and wealth, often inherent in social order. Rodney, Walter, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1982). Peasants and Democracy in Africa. New Left Review I/15: 37-49. Mabogunje (2015) argues that their role has been to draw attention to endemic poverty and social degradation which otherwise remain buried and unobtrusive in the rural areas, rather than contribute meaningfully to development. This chapter sketches a history of European colonial states in Africa, north and south of the Sahara, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. 14, 648665. Mamdani, Mahmood. Fairtrade. Cooperation in the game implies pooling resources - hunting skills/expertise, machinery/tools, economies of scale/scopeto hunt a stag in which case each hunter will go home with a big portion of meat. Lynne Rienner. Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty First Century. Finally, we look at the actions taken by outside groups (NGO and MNCs), and they are majority of self interest. Unable to display preview. 2006. (2008). Development as Freedom. 2013. J. Transp. His many books include, Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese, Itineraries Three Cycles of Hope and Disappointment, The Postcolonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 19602010, Africa and the Diaspora: History, Politics, Culture Series, The Post-colonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 1960-2010. Bocquier, P. (2008). In viewing development as freedom, Amartya Sen draws attention to the notion of opportunities, and in particular focuses on the role of human beings as instruments of social change. (2010). Poor road networks have caused children brace high-rise floods to go to school; children sent to draw water from a communal well have often lost their lives in the process. The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge. 1990. Urbanisation in developing countries: is the 'cities without slums' target attainable?. Available online at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1198751/prevalence-of-electoral-fraud-in-nigeria-by-area/, Scheba, A., and Turok, I. Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics, and the War on Terror. On April 6th of this year, the Taureg tribe declared independence from Mali, calling their new nation Azawad. Irrespective, Agenda 2063 offers the continent the opportunity to prioritize urban human insecurity issues as an emerging non-conventional security threat requiring securitization. Cogent Soc. application/pdf (2005). The political settlement theory problematizes the role of powerful elitist groups in shaping development outcomes across the board through institutions (formal and informal) and holding power. Far from prosperity, we see increased inequality and dichotomy between rich and poor, urban and rural, skilled and unskilled. Front. Lonergan, S. (1999). Akure: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Federal University of Technology. While China, a previously humiliated, (at the hands of the Japanese) but not colonized nation has been very fortunate, many other states have not been. Denisov, A. V., & Urnov, A. Y. Freedoms emphasize both the processes that allow freedom of actions and decisions, and the actual opportunities that people have, given their personal and social circumstances (Sen, 1999, p. 17). The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report titled Africa's Urbanization Dynamics 2020: Africapolis, Mapping a New Urban Geography assesses the trends in urbanization in Africa. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Africa in World Politics: Reforming Political Order. (2018). 4, 3653. Some of this money is reinvested to provide aid and water; however a very small percentage is invested in education and the workforce. (2010). Postcolonial Africa | Spectrezine. Spectrezine. Informal institutions are defined in terms of traditional forms of land delivery that are not endorsed by the state that are clientelist and neo-patrimonial in nature. This has led to This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). This journal is published by Pitt Open Library Publishing.ISSN 1076-156X (online). For this study, the theory was used, albeit descriptively, as an exploratory tool to understand the prevalence and persistence of slums and informal settlements in post-colonial Africa. Similar arguments have been used in scrutinizing the politics of development aid in Africa. Nairobi: Earthscan,. The United States and its allies have a counter or rather competing global development agenda called the Build Back Better World Initiative(B3W). It reflects the strength and direction of the relationship between variables which can be either positive or negative. The operation together with the Put South Africa First Movement aim to root out illegal foreign nationals dwelling in areas like Berea, Daveyton, Hillbrow, Yeoville and the likes (Shange, 2022). 1999. 2nd ed. As le Roux et al. In South Africa, the Cape Flats has been a hotspot for gang violence and crime. China's belt and road initiative: implications in Africa. Finance Law. On a continental level, the African Union's Agenda 2063, the New Partnership for Development (NEPAD), Programme Infrastructure Development for Africa, are all instruments aligned to the objectives of the SDGs. 52 0 obj There are a plethora of solutions available to these nations. 2010 The Johns Hopkins University Press Such an image allowed Europeans to exploit African labor and resources. Expanding governance (review) mechanisms should be based on actual impact and service to the people not just democracy index which arguably perpetuates western ideology. Federal Negarit Gazeta. Such operations have led to vicious attacks on migrants accused of occupying jobs they deem should be held by South African nationals while blaming the resort to alcohol and drug abuse by South African Youths on the inability to find employment in the country. Specifically, goal #11 promises to make cities and human settlements more sustainable, resilient, safe, and inclusive (United Nations, 2019). Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. For one, politicians would have to prove their worthiness to be considered for public office. Muiu (2010 Muiu ( :1311 asserts that the colonial African . 2000. endobj Meeting these dimensions in the quest for sustainable and liveable habitats requires careful planning and coordination across spatial and institutional levels. London: Earthscan Publications. Urban., 32(1). Aduloju et al. Int. The emergence of a new African political elite in the postcolonial period, formed at the expense of the army and senior military officials, was accompanied by the search for an effective development path and attempts to assure a fragile balance between tradition and modernization. Thus, human security implies the protection from threats, and empowerment to respond to those threats in a positive manner. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Economic Development in Africa: Fostering Industrial Development in Africa in the New Global Environment. Post-colonialism is defined in anthropology as the relations between nations and areas they colonized and once ruled. The perceived illegality of slums and informal settlements create an enabling environment for opportunism, patronage politics, and clientelism, thereby de-incentivizing the need to pursue the goal of sustainable, resilient cities and liveable habitat. Zimbabwe passes 'draconian' Patriotic Bill ahead of elections PDF CONFLICTS IN POST-COLONIAL AFRICA: THE WAY FORWARD - Global Academic Group The condition and problems of the state in post-independence Africa has been at the forefront of the study of African politics in an era when the economic as well as political failings of new postcolonial states throughout the developing world prompted the rescue of the state within the field of political science from its reductionist treatment in both modernization and dependency theories. Aduloju, O., Adeniran, I., and Ageh, J. 2015. African Development Bank (AfDB). PDF Political Centralization in Pre-Colonial Africa - National Bureau of endobj This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. endobj https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2016.3.21948 (In Russian). Arguably, the fear of losing such leverage contributes to the growing number of slums in the region. The story of post-independence African politics has largely centered around the struggles and travails of African states. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. (Eds.). Foreign Policy magazine predicts an economy valued at $123 trillion by the year 2040. The prevailing African state, in all African countries, is an implant from the European countries whose colony each African country was. Kramon (2013) also argues that cash or food handouts signal a message to the voters on the extent to which the politician is willing and ready to serve and protect their respective interests (Kramon, 2013). Decolonization and African Society: The Labor Question in French and British Colonial Africa, 1945-1954. Considering that urbanization is inevitable, it is imperative that post-colonial Africa becomes proactive in addressing urban human security challenges to achieve sustainable economic and human development. 1993. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Elites living in developed areas of the city commute using cars and the rapid high-speed trainGautrain, while in poorer areas, people commute by foot, bicycles, minibus, buses, taxis, commuter trains and sometimes, hitchhiking on cars and trucks (Thomas, 2013). African Conflict and the "Post-colonial" State - ResearchGate The absence of poverty, war/conflict would indeed be unprofitable to organizations such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), state actors like the United States, (international) non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and other key players in the aid and development business. Owing to the affordable cost of rent, immigrants often find themselves in peri-urban areas, with most setting up neighborhood businesses to earn a living. Meeting the requirements of Western stateness has posed profound, even controversial, challenges for African political leaders and their citizens, a struggle that Herbst 2000 explores. <>16]/P 21 0 R/Pg 52 0 R/S/Link>> Silver, and Benjamin D. Brewer. The act of terming migration a threat to national security and/or to access to resources by locals evokes a political concern requiring a response such as improved border security, implementing administrative and regulatory rules such as visa requirements, quota systems for temporary or permanent residency permits, and inciting anti-migration sentiments and violence through media platforms among the citizenries. 38 0 obj Postcolonial politics in Africa have been, and continue to be, still very much works in progress. Ethnic conflicts and problems of their resolution in africa at the beginning of the 21st century. But the serious erosion of the stateness of many African polities by the 1990s limited the scope for effective reform and opened the door for a complex web of novel civil conflicts; there was also a renewed saliency of informal politics, as local societies adapted to diminished state presence and service provision. The Press is home to the largest journal publication program of any U.S.-based university press. (2022). A sixth edition is forthcoming in 2017. 1995. (2020). With industrialization would comeat least as promisednew prosperity; increased regional cooperation and integration; sound road, rail, sea, and air infrastructure to foster intra- and inter-regional trade and movement; a shift in skill acquisition; and overall development. The World Economy and the Cold War: 1970-1990. Pp. Mudimbe, V.Y. 1998. (2017). They have included (1) residual legacies of colonial rule along with evolving international regimes enshrining democracy and human rights; (2) contending orthodoxies in the academy and in policy arenas concerning the nature of the state and its proper roles in development processes; and (3) African cultural norms, as they have endured and been reformulated in colonial and post-independence times, juxtaposed to increasingly pervasive liberalizing and secular mores of the West, notably with respect to gender and religion. Perhaps the biggest cause of conflict is the borders which were arbitrarily created by colonial rulers during their tenure. Politics in Africa. Asia and Africa Today, 12, 1520. 1, 976663. 1992. Correspondence to New York: Times Books. Stud. Political heads like Herman Mashaba (Bornman, 2019) and the rise of Operation Dudula (Ho, 2022) have furthered the construction of immigrants as the problem and the need for a state response to this growing (and unchecked) threat. Cooper, Frederick. 41 0 obj As far as they are concerned, the post-colonial African state as a mode of organisation of Mandel, Ernest. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. They draw on cities like Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and the continued efforts in upgrading unplanned settlements by providing infrastructure where communities manage essential systems and services. This in turn exacerbates urban human insecurity. The nature and character of the post-colonial African state - JSTOR J. (2020). Don't already have a personal account? Still on distribution of holding power, Goodfellow assesses mega cities in Kampala, Kigali, and Addis Ababa, and how powerful groups and interests shaped development outcomes across the board. The pillars of capitalism, an economic system characterizing the post-Cold War era prioritizes profiteering even within the confines of development. (In Russian). June 1, 1997. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/ethnicity-an-african-predicament/ (accessed: 08.01.2020). OECD/Sahel and West Africa Club. 2006. (1994). However, an enabling environment is fundamental for the exploration and exploitation of such potentials. This is imperative in teasing out the challenges undermining continental efforts at effectively addressing human security as a collective problem. Figure 3 shows that there is a negative correlation between HDI and share of population living in slums. For instance, the provision of RDP houses to South Africans is to eradicate informal settlements or shack-living. J. Science. Therefore, metropoles managed to subsequently control development process. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. <>stream Japan, the World Bank and the Art of Paradigm Maintenance: The East Asian Miracle in Political Perspective. New Left Review I/217: 3-37. The gautrain project in South Africa: a cautionary tale. African Colonial States - University of Pennsylvania Escape from Empire: The Developing Worlds Journey through Heaven and Hell. Lucas (2011) posits that historically, transportation has been a site for class and race struggles in South Africa. Lucas, K. (2011). With reference to the issue considered here, how well a government served its people and improved the human security and development index is a better indication of a government's performance in the quest for (continental and national) development. Second, arbitrary borders have been established by the colonial rulers in the past which have caused widespread conflict to say the least. 58, 5585. Beyond this, the plight of slum dwellers has also been used as a bargaining chip to address existing political and socio-economic issues, for instance, in South Africa, the government through the constitution provides RDP houses to those considered as previously disadvantaged. Urban Reg. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. From the client's point(s) of view: how poor people perceive and evaluate political clientelism. Whatever the impact of the colonial period might have 1 been on state formation in Africa, at a factual level the evidence seems to suggest that Africa developed centralized states later than the rest of the world. St Comp Int Dev. The term acquired widespread currency not long after independence in acknowledgment of the importation into new states of the practices, routines and mentalities of the colonial state. 2004. Globalization and the postcolonial world: the new political economy of development. Galtung, J. University Press of America. Competition for dominance between different gang groups such as the Clever Kids, Hard Livings and Fancy Boys have resulted in vicious shootings often implicating passers-by (Stoltz, 2022). These include basic challenges such as access to food, shelter and health amenities, to impact of climate change and natural disasters such as flooding, earthquakes and cyclones, and collective security issues such as protection from urban terrorism or war (UN-Habitat, 2007). 46 0 obj If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. (2018). Securing humanity: situating 'human security' as concept and discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. So, education is not valued, nor are there returns on investment for the youth that are lucky enough to receive an education. The systemic inequalities characteristic of the global economic system is underpinned by neoliberalism. doi: 10.4000/books.ifra.789. An adequate continental response to urban human security crisis requires a holistic and in-depth understanding of the challenges facing the region at the country and local levels.
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