Onana, J.M. Carbon FarmingFood ForestNitrogen Fixer. & Atha, D.E. fvers. Become an RHS Member today and save 25% on your first year, RHS Registered Charity no. [66][67], Sugarcane cultivation can also result in soil compaction, which is caused by the use of heavy, infield machinery. Solomon Is., Approximately half of the world's cane sugar is grown in India and Brazil. 1: 158 (1836), nom. 12: 154 (1855), nom. After filtering any remaining solids, the clarified syrup is decolorized by filtration through activated carbon. Flora of Egypt 4: 1-617. Saccharum includes the sugarcanes. A skilled harvester can cut 500kg (1,100lb) of sugarcane per hour. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Snchez & A.O. Louisiana, Malaya, The book suggests that community and small-scale food forests can provide a real alternative to intensive industrialised agriculture, and help to combat the many inter-related environmental crises that threaten the very future of life on Earth. Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. The planthopper insect Eumetopina flavipes acts as a virus vector, which causes the sugarcane disease ramu stunt. Forzza, R.C. Flora of China 22: 1-733. : 56 (1857), nom. Barbara Gillette is a Master Gardener, herbalist, beekeeper, and journalist. The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters. C.F.P.von Martius & auct. The terminal inflorescence is a panicle up to 60cm (24in) long, a pinkish plume that is broadest at the base and tapering towards the top. Korea, 1994. Ministry of Agriculture & Agrarian Reform, Baghdad. Easter Is., Dempewolf, H., Eastwood, R. J., Guarino, L., Khoury, C. K., Mller, J. V. & Toll, J. [21][22][23][24] Around the eighth century, Muslim and Arab traders introduced sugar from medieval India to the other parts of the Abbasid Caliphate in the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, and Andalusia. According to one report, with use of latest technologies, bagasse produced annually in Brazil has the potential of meeting 20% of Brazil's energy consumption by 2020.[74]. Myanmar, Data Documentation. & Montiel, O.M. An article on sugarcane cultivation in Spain is included in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century Book on Agriculture.[25]. Chad, Sugarcane genome architecture decrypted with chromosome Approximately 1.6 billion tons of sugarcane from the sugar industry annually generates nearly 493 million metric tons of bagasse globally. [5] Merchants began to trade in sugar, which was considered a luxurious and expensive spice, from India. Cienfuegos Cuba: 68 (1927), nom. Flore Gnrale de l'indo-Chine 1(3): 193-336. Extraction of the juice and boiling to concentrate it was probably first done in India more than 2,000 years ago. (eds.) Christopher Columbus first brought sugarcane to the Caribbean (and the New World) during his second voyage to the Americas, initially to the island of Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic). The harvester then blows the trash back onto the field. Singapore Botanic Gardens. It can also result in sediments and other pollutants being washed into aquatic habitats, which can result in a wide range of environmental issues, including eutrophication and acidification. The RHS Award of Garden Merit (AGM) helps gardeners choose the best plants for their garden. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington. The vascular plants of Cameroon a taxonomic checklist with IUCN assessments: 1-195. Espermatofitas: 1-1576. The production of ethanol from sugarcane is more energy efficient than from corn or sugar beets or palm/vegetable oils, particularly if cane bagasse is used to produce heat and power for the process. [66][68], Sugarcane has also contributed to habitat destruction through the clearance of land. East Himalaya, [7], The Hawaiian word for this species is k. Gramies des pasturages et des cultures a Madagascar: 1-440. (1991) Plant Resources of South-East Asia. Sugarcane - Wikipedia El Salvador, The grass is harvested commercially for many uses, including making sugar and molasses, but it also makes an excellent privacy screen, border, accent, or focal point in a home garden. Agric., Handbook 122 (1958). [66] Sugarcane fields have replaced tropical rain forests and wetlands. It is used as a fuel and for manufacturing paper pulp, plastic, fiberboard, etc. Enumeratio phanerogamarum Bornearum: 1-739. [10] Sugarcane genome is one of the most complex plant genomes known, mostly due to interspecific hybridization and polyploidization. Cane residue once sugar is extracted is known as bagasse. [26] The Portuguese introduced sugarcane to Brazil. Spain, Cook Is., Atoll Research Bulletin 283: 1-18. [66] In areas with a slope greater than 11%, it is also recommended that zero tillage or cane strip planting are implemented to help prevent soil loss. L. Synonyms; Erianthus Michx. In the 18th century, sugarcane plantations began in the Caribbean, South American, Indian Ocean, and Pacific island nations. A network of rhizomes forms under the soil which sends up secondary shoots near the parent plant. The plants are 2-6 m (6-20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, [1] which accumulates in the stalk internodes. Nicobar Is., Md. Stay informed about PFAFs progress, challenges and hopes by signing up for our free email ePost. * Important announcements and news Plants Resources of Tropical Africa. There are three types of sugar cane. [66] Water efficiency can also be improved by employing methods such as trash mulching, which has been shown to increase water intake and storage. Camus, E.G. Saccharum officinarum - Plants of the World Online | Kew Science (2010). 2015. it is used to treat curare poisoning[348 ] A decoction of the young leaves is used to treat urinary conditions[348 ]. Guatemala, Adult Common Wood-Nymph butterflies feed on rotting fruit and flower nectar. The stalk or culm consists of alternating nodes and internodes. [76] Electrical generation from bagasse could become quite important, particularly to the rural populations of sugarcane producing nations. Please give what you can to help us complete this work. Sugar cane reportedly produces about twice as much ethanol per acre as corn. [6], Saccharum officinarum was first domesticated in New Guinea and the islands east of the Wallace Line by Papuans, where it is the modern center of diversity. For gardeners living in warmer regions, these plants can become invasive with the right conditions, so proper maintenance and consideration of where they are being planted will be important. Bor, N.L. S. officinarum exhibits a high weight per cane, high sugar content, low fiber, and high purity of juice. is probably the crop with the most complex genome. [9], Sugarcane is a tropical, perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce multiple stems, typically 3 to 4m (10 to 13ft) high and about 5cm (2in) in diameter. Egypt, Saccharum officinarum, known as sugar cane, is a large tufted perennial grass that is probably native to Southeast Asia. (1996). Specimen or group. We are currently updating this section. Other important pests are the larvae of some butterfly/moth species, including the turnip moth, the sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis), the African sugarcane borer (Eldana saccharina), the Mexican rice borer (Eoreuma loftini), the African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), leafcutter ants, termites, spittlebugs (especially Mahanarva fimbriolata and Deois flavopicta), and Migdolus fryanus (a beetle). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. & Dilwakar, P.G. Masamune, G. (1942). [63][64], From 2008 to 2016, production of standards-compliant sugarcane experienced a compound annual growth rate of about 52%, while conventional sugarcane increased at less than 1%. & al. Hawaii, It is a perennial or rhizomatous geophyte and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. In order to improve the sugarcane quality, breeders . (1994). Brazil Southeast, Saccharum officinarum or Sugarcane (scientific name: Saccharum officinarum) is native to the Ganges River Basin of India and is a plant of the genus Sugarcane. Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) is a tall, clump-forming perennial grass with long, thick stems filled with sweet sap. Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Atoll Research Bulletin 58: 1-37. Uso tradicional de plantas medicinales en la vereda San Isidro, municipio de San Jos de Pare-Boyac: Un estudio preliminar usando tcnicas cuantitativas. Sumatera, Two to 10 harvests are usually made depending on the type of culture. Plant sugar cane in the late summer, and though it takes time to mature, once it does, it will be a fast-growing grass. Angiosperms of the islands of the gulf of Guinea (Fernando Po, Prncipe, S.Tom, and Annobon). Mauritius, Flore Agrostologique du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi 1: 1-229. Troupin, G. Of further note is the fact that sugar cane is also now being commercially grown in some areas (particularly in Brazil since the mid 1070s) for production of ethanol (extracted sugars are fermented). Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 60:668-683. Bot. ?arasa, us, ush, zukerrohr. Missouri Botanical Garden. Saccharum barberi - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics ORSTOM, Centre de Brazzaville. Arundo saccharifera Garsault Saccharifera officinalis Stokes Saccharum atrorubens Cuzent & Pancher e. Edible Parts: SapStemEdible Uses: DrinkSweetenerThe stems contain a very sweet sap[46 ]. If you don't live in a region that receives a lot of rainfall, it will need a decent amount of additional irrigation. It can interbreed with other sugarcane species, such as Saccharum sinense and Saccharum barberi. Ecuador, (ed.) Well-grown plants can become invasive[200 ]. GTZ, Eschborn. Senegal, Seed - Cuttings, consisting of 2 - 3 joints of the upper part of a stem that has been selected from a vigorous, healthy plant. Lebrun, J.-P., Audru, J., Gaston, A. Saccharum - Wikipedia ft. of growing area of any plant in the world and is the source of 70% of the sugar in the world. (2019). Nature Sustainability 2:736-741. [81], Evaporator with baffled pan and foam dipper for making ribbon cane syrup, Caipirinha, a cocktail made from sugarcane-derived cachaa, Nutrient Information from Indian Food Composition Database, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBenitez-Rojo1996 (, Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia, an effort to keep Australia racially homogeneous, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Sugarcane genes associated with sucrose content", "Plants & Fungi: Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane)", "Analysis of Three Sugarcane Homo/Homeologous Regions Suggests Independent Polyploidization Events of, "Consumer Preference for Indigenous Vegetables", "Agribusiness Handbook: Sugar beet white sugar", "Gene Content Analysis of Sugarcane Public ESTs Reveals Thousands of Missing Coding-Genes and an Unexpected Pool of Grasses Conserved ncRNAs", "Analysis of Three Sugarcane Homo/Homeologous Regions Suggests Independent Polyploidization Events of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum", "Genetics, phylogenetics, and comparative genetics of, "Australian South Sea Islanders: A century of race discrimination under Australian law", "Sugarcane Farming: Complete Guide [to the] Farming of Sugarcane", "Sugarcane monoculture drives microbial community composition, activity and abundance of agricultural-related microorganisms", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, "Sugar-Cane Harvester Cuts Forty-Tons an Hour", "How to find brand-new diseases of sugarcane!". Cuba, Cuban sugar derived from sugarcane was exported to the USSR, where it received price supports and was ensured a guaranteed market. The cane beetle (also known as cane grub) can substantially reduce crop yield by eating roots; it can be controlled with imidacloprid (Confidor) or chlorpyrifos (Lorsban). Saccharum officinarum juice alters reproductive functions in male The plant consists of a root clump supporting several straight, typically unbranched, stalks. Beginning around 6,000 BP, several strains were selectively bred from the native Saccharum robustum. * Exclusive content not on the website Saccharum officinarum was first domesticated in New Guinea and the islands east of the Wallace Line by Papuans, where it is the modern center of diversity. Saccharum Officinarum Extract (Explained + Products) Average cane production is, therefore, 58 tons of b&c per hectare per year. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu islands: 1-1159. Once planted, a stand can be harvested several times; after each harvest, the cane sends up new stalks, called ratoons. & Gupta, B.K. It is a useful agricultural product that will be the raw material of sugar. Plant the cutting deep into the ground, making sure no more than 2 inches of the stem is visible above the soil. It was one of the original major crops of the Austronesian peoples from at least 5,500 BP. This plant will provide nectar and pollen for bees and the many other types of pollinating insects. (ed.) Young stems are covered with prickles. Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) v.10 (2021); http://mpns.kew.org/, PROTA (2021). Turkey, (eds.) GBIF species matching tool. Boulos, L. (2005). These legumes are turned into the soil while they are still green and succulent. Sulfur dioxide is added to inhibit the formation of color-inducing molecules and to stabilize the sugar juices during evaporation. Sugarcane is an important sugar and energy crop in the world. (1971). Leeward Is., Institut d' Elevage et de Mdecine Vtrinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort. By the 10th century, sources state that every village in Mesopotamia grew sugarcane. Both forms of molasses are used in baking. The internodes contain a fibrous white pith immersed in sugary sap. Robertson, S.A. (1989). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://stateoftheworldsplants.org/2016/. Government-approved food and medicine in the Roman Empire were sold in designated shops. nud. Guinea-Bissau, Growth: S = slow M = medium F = fast. Puerto Rico, Catarino, L., Sampaio Martins, E., Pinto-Basto, M.F. [35], Sugarcane is cultivated in the tropics and subtropics in areas with a plentiful supply of water for a continuous period of more than 67 months each year, either from natural rainfall or through irrigation. The sugar solution is clarified by the addition of phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide, which combine to precipitate calcium phosphate. Papuans and Austronesians originally primarily used sugarcane as food for domesticated pigs. A very greedy plant, soon exhausting the soil of nutrients[459 ]. Flora de Guerrero 75: 1-153. We aim to enrich everyones life through plants, and make the UK a greener and more beautiful place. A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 8: 1-458. The major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. Propagate by division or rooting stem sections. [66][67] Generally, it is recommended that sugarcane is not planted in areas with a slope greater than 8%. Since the lower heating value of sucrose is 16.5 MJ/kg, and that of the bagasse is 19.2 MJ/kg, the total heating value of a ton of b&c is 4.7 GJ of which 2.2 GJ come from the sucrose and 2.5 from the bagasse. The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar, which was shipped to Europe. suc. Catasus Guerra, L. 1997. (1994). Jrgensen, P.M. & Len-Ynez, S. [62] The theoretical possible yield for sugarcane is about 280 tonnes per hectare per year, and small experimental plots in Brazil have demonstrated yields of 236280 tonnes of cane per hectare. [9] As its specific name (officinarum, "of dispensaries") implies, it is also used in traditional medicine both internally and externally. Technologies are being developed to use enzymes to transform bagasse into advanced biofuel and biogas.[74]. Currently we are also investing time and effort in preparing two new books on plants suitable for food forests in different warmer climate conditions, to complement the one we published in 2021 on temperate food forests, which has been very well received. This is equivalent to 0.86 W per square meter. Get full access to this article View all available purchase options and get full access to this article. Vniversitas Scientarium. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) is the most exclusively cultivated and India is the second largest producer country next to Brazil. Librairie des sciences naturelles Paul Klincksieck, Paris. It is a C4 plant, able to convert up to 1% of incident solar energy into biomass. Flora of Kiritimari (Christmass) atoll, Northern Line islands, Republic of Kiribati. Catlogo de la familia Poaceae en Colombia. [2], Sugarcane cultivation requires a tropical or subtropical climate, with a minimum of 60cm (24in) of annual moisture. A manual of the grasses of New Guinea: 1-215. Jansen, P., Lemmens, R., Oyen, L., Siemonsma, J., Stavast, F. & Van Valkenburg, J. epublication. [3], Sucrose (table sugar) is extracted from sugarcane in specialized mill factories. Backhuys Publishers. [13][14], S. officinarum was first domesticated in New Guinea and the islands east of the Wallace Line by Papuans, where it is the modern center of diversity. (2009). 1: 132 (1812), nom. Only comments or links that are felt to be directly relevant to a plant will be included. One hectare of sugar cane yields 4,000 litres of ethanol per year (without any additional energy input, because the bagasse produced exceeds the amount needed to distill the final product). The juice was extracted with horse- or mule-powered crushers; the juice was boiled, like maple syrup, in a flat pan, and then used in the syrup form as a food sweetener. Plants for malaria, plants for fever: Medicinal species in Latin America, a bibliographic survey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. When no more sugar can be economically recovered, the final molasses still contains 2030% sucrose and 1525% glucose and fructose. The fire burns up dry leaves, and chases away or kills venomous snakes, without harming the stalks and roots. Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. A checklist of Gambian plants: 1-33. Other products of the processing include bagasse, molasses, and filtercake. Sugarcane, Purple Sugar Cane, Burgundy Sugar Cane, Black Magic Repellent Plant, Ampow, Arekie, Bos, Bus, Cana de acucar, Cana sacarina, Canna da zuccehero, Canne a sucre, Cheruku, Dovu, Ebikajjo, Fo'u, Ganiesi, Ganna, Guru, Hetaru, Hong gan zhe, Ikshu, Karimbu, Karumbu, Kelju, Khanda, Kolchu, Maphu, Menhet, Mihali, Misale, Mlungo muwa, Moko, Mzimbe, Njuwa, Oy, Paat, Patta patti kabbu, Paunda, Poovan, Pundia, Rosan, Sarkara, Satou kibi, Sau, Tebu, Te kaisoka, Te taiokeken, Tiwu, To, Tolo, Ukhu, Zuckerrohr, akh, akhu, asipatra, bhurirasa, cana, cana-de-acar, canne sucre, caa de azcar, caa dulce, cheraku, cheruku, dirghacchada, ganna, gheraku, gudamula, gniesi, ikh, ikha, ikshu, iksu, ik?u, ik?u (root stock), ik?u (stem), kabbu, karimpu, karumbu, karumbu ver, kuhiyare, kusiyar, naishkar, noble sugarcane, qasab el-sokkar, satangsusu, sato-kibi, serdi, sheradi, sherdi, sockerrr, sucrose, sugar cane, sugar cane|uk, sugar-cane, sugarcane, tisnak, t? Bosser, J. Pl. It is one of the most efficient photosynthesizers in the plant kingdom. (2008). Biotypes with smaller chromosome numbers are typically distributed in north India, whilst those with higher ploidy levels are distributed in eastern India and further south in Indonesia. An Annotated Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Oman and their Vernacular names. [49] Unlike legumes and other nitrogen-fixing plants that form root nodules in the soil in association with bacteria, G. diazotrophicus lives within the intercellular spaces of the sugarcane's stem. As sugar was traded and spread West, this became (sukkar) in Arabic, zcchero in Italian, zuccarum in Latin, and eventually sucre in both Middle French and Middle English. It is native to the warm temperate and tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. It can be used as a sweet, refreshing drink, though it is more commonly concentrated to make syrups or dried to make sugar, molasses etc[46 ].