DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00415, Huang, J.-P. (2017). 2019). Phanthong et al. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-017-1302-1, Michelin, M., Gomes, D. G., Roman, A., de Lourdes Polizeli, M., and Teixeira, J. One strategy is to enhance the ALD technique by incorporating plasma pre-treatment (Fang et al. They also offer significant potential due to their low weight, non-toxicity, low thermal expansion, improved mechanical properties, gas barrier properties, electrical conductivity and environmental friendliness (Kumar et al. 8 (Tardy et al. Evaluating the sustainability impacts of packaging: The plastic carry bag dilemma, Packaging Technology and Science: An International Journal 23, 145-160. Nanocellulose as a natural source for groundbreaking applications in materials science: Todays state, Materials Today 21, 720-748. They found that untreated cellulose had a higher crystallinity than those treated with CVD (Rafieian et al. In theory, the tensile strength of cellulose crystalline areas is 50 to 100 GPa, which makes them stronger than E-glass. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.075, Matouk, Z., Torriss, B., Rincn, R., Dorris, A., Beck, S., Berry, R. M., and Chaker, M. (2020). "We have moved from the laboratory to bigger machinery while at the same time improving the quality of the film. Two alternative processes can be used to explain the enhancing effect of NC on base paper: (1) NC promotes fiberfiber bonding by bridging fibers together, and (2) NCs can create network architectures between relatively coarse fibers, enhancing the load-bearing capacity of papers (Li et al. 2021). The $2.2 billion deal is said to strengthen the position of International Paper in the global fluff pulp market. DOI: /10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123100. (2011) cationized highly oxidized DAC and reported that the concentration of cationic groups increased from 2.85 to 4.27 mmol/g as the reaction time increased from 1 to 72 hours. 2020). (2013). 2016). DOI: 10.1007/s10570-018-1830-3, Wei, L.-Q., Agarwal, U. P., Hirth, K. C., Matuana, L. M., Sabo, R. C., and Stark, N. M. (2017). The British textile company Courtaulds' viscose technology had allowed it to diversify in 1930 into viscose film, which it named "Viscacelle". But, it might surprise you to learn that cellophane, or cellulose film packaging, is plant-based, compostable, and a truly green product. In the following sections, we will compile a list of cationization processes in order to determine the one that has minimized environmental impact while still producing high-performance CNFC. enzymatic, carboxymethylation, TEMPO-modified NFC, etc.). This turns the solution back into cellulose. Fabrication and characterization of cellulose nanoparticles from maize stalk pith via ultrasonic-mediated cationic etherification, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 66, article no. One great example is bioplastics or cellulose-based plastic. 2017). DOI: 10.1007/s10570-020-03061-5, Yu, L.-S., Zhang, Z.-M., Tang, H.-D., and Zhou, J.-P. (2019). (2018) used submerged liquid plasma to surface functionalize NC. Due to the absence of hydrogen bonding between cellulose chains, 6-O-methylcellulose proved highly soluble in a wide range of organic solvents, but 2,3-di-O-methylcellulose is just soluble in polar aprotic solvents (Fox et al. Li et al. (2021). Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: A review, Carbohydrate Polymers 99, 649-665. LLC, pp. In addition, efficient production methods have already been established in the production of cellulose. (2018). 2021). The next suggested strategy for increasing the DS is assisted DES, which has been employed in paper manufacturing. (2018) evaluated the characteristics of Al2O3 coating layers formed on the surfaces of cellulose fibrous materials by using ATD. In the UK and in many other countries, "Cellophane" is a registered trademark and the property of Futamura Chemical UK Ltd, based in Wigton, Cumbria, United Kingdom. 2020). 2014). They could also be very interesting candidates for commercial application and up-scaling when combined with NC due to their hydrophobicity, biodegradability, and renewability (Aulin and Strm 2013). There are three common methods for producing cationic modified fibers. Improved dewatering of iron ore fines by the use of surfactants, Powder Technology 287, 43-50. The aim is also to orient the film and thereby improve its strength and its protective qualities. 1586-1616. The next difference is recognized by density functional theory optimizations, which showed that the cellulose I chain sheet models twisted to the right, while the cellulose II model twisted to the left. (2020). As highlighted by Poodt et al. Even with pre-treatments, matching the cost of NC production to specific benefits such as mechanical strength performance remains a considerable difficulty (Ang et al. The following summarizes the benefit and drawbacks of the above-mentioned approaches for obtaining modified NC as an additive suitable to be use in the paper production process: Green chemistry involves application of processes that remove or greatly reduce harmful compound intake and output. : RMIT University Report. DOI: 10.3390/fib6010015, Suopajrvi, T., Sirvi, J. Cationization: Periodate oxidation and reductive amination. Cellophane was invented by Swiss chemist Jacques E. Brandenberger while employed by Blanchisserie et Teinturerie de Thaon. New perspectives on the influence of formation and grammage on sheet strength, in: Annual Meeting-Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada, p. 141, Pulp and Paper Technical Association of Canada. 2019; He et al. Self-agglomeration and hydrophilicity have limited their applicability, prompting development of surface functionalization and hydrophobization in order to effectively utilize their potential (Chin et al. A., and Liimatainen, H. (2017). Click here to sign in with To meet these objectives, a variety of methods have been outlined in this paper. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.278. Alkyd resins based on tall oil and linseed oil at the same oil length were compared. Cunha et al. Two organosilanes with varied numbers of methyl substituents were chosen for this purpose. DOI: 10.1021/la050367n, Altuna, F., Pettarin, V., Martin, L., Retegi, A., Mondragon, I., Ruseckaite, R., and Stefani, P. (2014). DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.01.021, Liu, Q., Yuan, T., Fu, Q.-J., Bai, Y.-Y., Peng, F., and Yao, C.-L. (2019b). (2019). Cellulose allows for the production of thick and creamy food items without the use of as much fat. DOI: 10.3183/npprj-2013-28-04-p582-587, Ren, H.-W., Chen, C.-M., Guo, S-H., Zhao, D.-S., and Wang, Q.-H. (2016). This challenge is driving research efforts to develop biodegradable, compostable, or recyclable barrier materials derived from renewable sources. Another series of modification techniques have been summarized in this work with the aim of creating cationic sites on the surface of NC in order to overcome the dewatering rate limitation and make them more useful in the paper industry. Cellulose film can be made from a variety of natural sources, including wood, cotton, hemp, and corn. 117272. Until the concerns about its environmental impact, Plastic packaging was widely used in medicine and healthcare. The use of NC to enhance barrier properties and mechanical strength of paper for packaging applications is detailed in the following sections. Then, the raw cellulose pulp goes through the following four steps to be converted into cellophane. Dissolution behavior of cellulose in a novel cellulose solvent, Carbohydrate Research 511, article no. 2016). The particular high-low shear flow behavior of the NC make it attractive to be used as rheological modifiers in a wide variety of applications (Li et al. As the number of valence charges increases, the effectiveness of an oppositely charged ion increases dramatically. DOI: 10.17352/2455-3492.000026, Ji, Y.-Z., Xu, Q.-H., Jin, L.-Q., and Fu, Y.-J. These two approaches result in obtaining particle with large differences in morphology that can be classified into two groups: nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC, also known as cellulose nanofibril) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Therefore, various materials can be used to address such issue, including aluminium foil and other metalized films, which are extensively used in food packaging. Lamberti, M., and Escher, F. (2007). 2019; Lengowski et al. Their best results came from the flocculant with the highest degree of polymerization and charge (Aguado et al. "VTT has researched cellulose films for more than ten years, and for more than six years on regenerated cellulose in transparent films", Virtanen says. Cellulose film has been manufactured continuously since the mid-1930s and is still used today. 2020b). The development of ILs has created a new and versatile foundation for the widespread use of cellulose resources and the development of novel functional materials (Zhang et al. (2018) proposed a coating layer of a hybrid composite of NFC (matrix) and nano-clay (mineral filler) on paper substrate. 2021) which also cause adsorption of moist air and liquid water by NC, resulting in considerable swelling of NC (Walther et al. When the shear field disrupts the suspensions microstructure, then the process can spread across the pads flow channels. 13(5), 9-16. The enhancement compatibility was also achieved by adjusting the surface energy properties of nonpolar or hydrophobic polymer matrices (Auclair et al. DOI: 10.1039/C8GC01189C, Ehman, N. V., Felissia, F. E., Tarres, Q., Vallejos, M. E., Delgado-Aguilar, M., Mutje, P., and Area, M. C. (2020). [7] The following year, the company Comptoir des Textiles Artificiels (CTA) bought the Thaon firm's interest in Cellophane and established Brandenberger in a new company, La Cellophane SA. These electrostatic interactions are enhanced by the presence of functional groups on NC. 2020). Asante et al. Study of hydrophobic finishing of cellulosic substrate using He/1,3-butadiene plasma at atmospheric pressure, Surface and Coatings Technology 213, 65-76. 2019). Cationic cellulose nano-fibers (CCNF) as versatile flocculants of wood pulp for high wet web performance, Carbohydrate Polymers 229, article no. A rapid release of significant amounts of water from MFC suspensions into paper can induce fiber swelling and de-bonding, resulting in runnability issues such as web breaks (Lengowski et al. In general, functionalization with chemical grafting is preferred over physical grafting because the covalent bonding of grafted chains to the substrate surface prevents desorption and promotes longer chemical stability (Sun et al. (2018) modified NC with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, without using hazardous solvents. As a result, despite the benefits of these modified NC in the paper sector, scaling up is still necessary. This cationized cellulose has been used to conduct research using water-soluble CDAC as a biopolymeric flocculation agent in papermaking. Additionally, NC exhibits shear-thinning and anomalous behaviour such as time-dependent increase in viscosity, which are advantageous for rheology properties (Jasmania and Thielemans 2018). 2020). Nanocellulose (NC) has significant potential to be used in papermaking process as a sustainable packaging material. FRC: Pulp and Paper Fundamental Research Symposia Proceedings, BioResources Early Career Investigator Award, Distance Education: Online Masters Degree & Individual Courses. 2017). DOI: 10.3390/polym11071227, Phanthong, P., Guan, G.-Q., Karnjanakom, S., Hao, X.-G., Wang, Z.-D., Kusakabe, K., and Abudula, A. 46065. (2020) discovered that an increase in contact angle would be due to the hydrocarbons being drawn to the ALD-deposited metal oxide surface. Numerous difficulties and obstacles remain along the path from pilot to large-scale production. Challenges and new opportunities on barrier performance of biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging, Progress in Polymer Science 117, article no. 2020). 115434. Web forming, in: Papermaking. DOI: 10.15376/biores.15.2.Zambrano, Zhang, Y., Li, H.-F., Li, X.-D., Gibril, M. E., and Yu, M.-H. (2014). Wang, Q.-Q., Yao, Q., Liu, J., Sun, J. (2011). 2021). Consumers love eco-friendly products and avoid plastic products when they have an alternative. 030803. 2019). 2020). (2019b) also used epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) as a low-cost, sustainable, and environmentally friendly raw material for forming modified cellulose. DOI: 10.1080/87559120701593830, Laureano-Anzaldo, C. M., Gonzlez-Lpez, M. E., Prez-Fonseca, A. A method developed by VTT enables the production of Thermocell plastic, a thermoplastic substance, out of cellulose and bio-based fatty acids, which are suitable for applications such as injection molding, coating of paper and paperboard, and 3-D printing. Cationic cellulosic derivatives as flocculants in papermaking, Cellulose 24, 3015-3027. Samanta et al. (2014); Green=Cellulose, blue=hemicellulose, purple=lignin and red= pectin. For free produce (similar to herbs) that does want a container, imagine herbal possible choices to plastic, like cellulose. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01752, Omerzu, A., Saric, I., Piltaver, I. K., Petravic, M., Kapun, T., Zule, J., Stifter, S., and Salamon, K. (2018). In fact, the amphiphilic nature of surfactants is ideal for modifying the particles surface tension and contact angle. This issue is caused by the intrinsic hygroscopic properties of NC because their surface is covered with hydroxyl groups (Seddiqi et al. (2020b). Recent researches are also focusing on solving environmental problems such as designing a cellulose-based absorbent for oil spills and heavy metal pollution on water or land 1 and for making filters for industrial 2 and municipal wastewater treatment. Fabrication of hydrophobic cellulosic materials via gassolid silylation reaction for oil/water separation, Cellulose 26, 4021-4037. However, a high degree of fibrillation does not always result in a beneficial reinforced effect, owing to their shorter length and lower aspect ratio. DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900430, Sunasee, R., and Hemraz, U. D. (2018). Surfactant driven liquid to soft solid transition of cellulose nanocrystal suspensions, Langmuir 36, 9551-9561. Both dry and wet cellulose need a vapor barrier. Lv et al. DOI: 10.1116/6.0001198, Lien, C.-W., Vedhanarayanan, B., Chen, J.-H., Lin, J.-Y., Tsai, H.-H., Shao, L.-D., and Lin, T.-W. (2021). The current focus of development work in the manufacture of films is in extrusion technology. Diab et al. Renewable carbon resources, such as starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and plant oil, are derived from plant and wood biomass via photosynthesis from atmospheric carbon dioxide (Iwata 2015). 2019). The previously mentioned modification methods had a number of limitations, including a high cost and the need for special grade pulps. (2019a). Additionally, NC as a wet end additive reduces drainability by blocking the pores of the wet paper web (Sharma et al. What is Biodegradable Packaging? - Softback Travel Their DES containing a choline derivative and urea as both a reagent and a solvent is used in the cationic functionalization of cellulose (Abbott et al. Several distinct plasma approaches have been employed to hydrophobized cellulose nanomaterials: Atmospheric pressure, submerged liquid plasma, and low-pressure plasma (Oberlintner et al. Contact information: a: Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Sweden; b: 2Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Middle East, Kuwait; * Corresponding author: Tel: +46705519303; E-mail: bjorn.sjostrand@kau.se. Due to this hierarchical structure, as shown in Fig. This is due to blockage caused by NC fiber aggregation or the NC suspensions extraordinarily high viscosity (Kumar 2018). Lu et al. The silylation process creates an environmentally friendly paper packaging material that is easy to manage and has a high barrier performance. Su, Y.-Q., Liu, J.-J., Liu, J.-G., Zhang, R,-J., Chen, J.-H., and Du, Y.-F. (2020). (2008). Another study found that adding 3, 6, and 9 wt% NFC to handsheets increased linearly the tensile index to around 55 N m gL at 35SR, which was judged to be suitable for paper machine runnability (Vallejos et al. The next category is involved with the modification to impart stable positive or negative electrostatic charges on the surface to improve retention and mechanical properties. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-102985-5.00018-8, Pessoa, R. S., Fraga, M. A., Santos, L. V., Galvo, N. K. A. M., Maciel, H. S., and Massi, M. (2015). Biodegradable packaging is a very promising alternative to plastic that helps alleviate the long term issues presented by excessive plastic usage. 117105. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03893, Brodin, F. W., Gregersen, . W., and Syverud, K. (2014). One-step method for the preparation of cationic nanocellulose in reactive eutectic media, Green Chemistry 23, 2317-2323. (2017) also believed that employing the proper retention additive at the right dose could help to alleviate the dewatering issue while using NFC in paper production. A comprehensive review on production, surface modification and characterization of nanocellulose derived from biomass and its commercial applications, Express Polymer Letters 15(2), 104-120. Kokol et al. of Crest Cellulose from Pravesha Industries, a major Pharma packaging company in India. Paper technologists are seeking environmentally acceptable dry end and wet end additives. 108490. What is Biodegradable Packaging - Desjardin Atomic layer deposition of thin-film ceramic electrolytes for high-performance fuel cells, Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, 12695-126705. (2021). (2014). Nanocellulose-based composites for packaging applications, Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 31, article no. First to remove the sulfur, then to bleach the film, and finally to add glycerin for durability. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-013-9964-9, Dissanayake, D. G. K., Weerasinghe, D., Perera, T. D. R., Bandara, M. M. A. L., Thathsara, S. K. T., and Perera, S. (2021). 2021). Cellophane is created from the cellulose taken from cotton, wood, hemp, or other sustainably harvested natural sources. 2013). Fig. (2016). DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.04.046, Skoaj, M. (2019). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00922, Korhonen, M., and Laine, J. Properties of cellulosic material after cationization in different solvents, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 4, 2295-2301. They prepared complexes of carboxymethyl cellulose and alkyltrimethylammonium surfactant to coat the paper using spray coating techniques (Tiitu et al. Major companies already have their projects in the works to ride this tide of change. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16897, Cunha, A. G., Lundahl, M., Ansari, M. F., Johansson, L.-S., Campbell, J. M., and Rojas, O. J. (2013). DOI: 10.1007/s10570-019-02303-5, Lu, J.-W., Li, Y., Song, W., Losego, M. D., Monikandan, R., Jacob, K. I., and Xiao, R. (2020a). They believed that CNCC has the potential to replace traditional wet-end retention aids, not only because it avoids the negative effects of traditional polymers on paper mechanical strength, but also because it allows for fine-tuning the characteristics of the flocs formed to meet industry needs by carefully varying the amount of CNCC added over a large number of effective dosage intervals (Campano et al. Due to the reaction of different CF4 species with cellulose, hydrophilic textile became hydrophobic after plasma treatment (Hubbe et al. Water-resistant nanopaper with tunable water barrier and mechanical properties from assembled complexes of oppositely charged cellulosic nanomaterials, Food Hydrocolloids 120, article no. Study on the wet-web strength and pressability of paper sheet during the press process with the addition of nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC), Carbohydrate Polymers 210, 332-338. Cellophane sales have dwindled since the 1960s, due to alternative packaging options. As a consequence, researchers are increasingly concentrating their efforts on developing more environmentally friendly strategies for chemical surface modification, which can be unquestionably the most important aspect of NFC functionalization (Missoum et al. DOI: 10.3390/nano10091726, Fox, S. C., Li, B., Xu, D.-Q., and Edgar, K. J.
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