As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . These might include things as simple as turning up the TV to drown out the voices they were hearing! Schizophrenogenic Mother | SpringerLink [4 marks], - Atypical and typical antipsychotics are equally effective against positive symptoms with more than half of patients responding well, Apart from effectiveness, briefly explain one limitation of drug therapy for schizophrenia. Just challenging the dysfunctional thoughts through disputing may not be enough to change them if the thoughts have a biological basis. Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. Paul and Lentz (1977) Token economy led to better overall patient functioning and less behavioral disturbance, More cost-effective (lower hospital costs). This demonstrates the high reliability of the clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia using up-to-date classification. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found . Upper and Newton (1971) found that the weight gain associated with taking antipsychotics was addressed with token economy regimes. Researchers estimate up to 1 percent of adults worldwide have schizophrenia.. What . Another form of CBT: Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE). This supports a genetic link. Boston Spa, The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. But they tended to block ALL types of dopamine activity, (in other parts of the brain as well) and this caused side effects and may have been harmful. Since their are problems with the validity of diagnois classification, unsuitable treatment may be administered, sometimes on an involuntary In a token economy, tokens are given to reward people in psychiatric institutions for performing socially desirable behaviours, the aim being to encourage self-care. blended family a family unit composed of a married couple and their offspring including some from previous marriages. Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. Group As scores suggest a normal distributed as the mean, median and mode are all almost the same (22). Atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine bind to dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. . This suggests that one needs to be careful when establishing cause and effect relationships in schizophrenic patients. A co-operative, trusting relationship with the family is established, Therapist provides information about schizophrenia, Family members contribute, all contributions valued, Family is provided with practical coping skills to help deal with the disorder (to anticipate and solve problems), More constructive ways of interaction and communication encouraged (to avoid expressed emotion), Training to detect any signs of relapse in the patient. Book now . Diagnosis refers to the assigning of a label of a disorder to a patient. A study by Anderson et al. A quarter of people with schizophrenia (Total 4 marks) 11 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. West Yorkshire, Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the . The therapist needs to accept that the illusions may seem real to the patient at the time and should be dealt with accordingly. Ethics do the benefits of classification (care, treatment, safety) outweigh the costs (possible misdiagnosis, mistreatment, loss of rights and responsibility, prejudice due to labelling). The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. Combining treatments is most common in the UK, although it is also sometimes used in the USA. In a follow up study they rejected genuine patients whom they assumed were part of the deception. Mischler & Waxler (1968) found significant differences in the way mothers spoke to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their normal daughters, which suggests that dysfunctional communication may be a result of living with the schizophrenic rather than the cause of the disorder. Book now . Economic Benefits: Family therapy is highly cost effective because it reduces relapse rates, so the patients are less likely to take up hospital beds and resources. [2 marks], - All drugs have side effects that can be severe and may lead to patients avoiding medication and hence to relapse, Outline and evaluate the use of antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia [8 marks], 'Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. Double bind is based on clinical observation the patients and early evidence involved assessing the personality of the mothers for 'crazy-making' characterists. Validity the extent to which schizophrenia is a unique syndrome with characteristics, signs and symptoms. They are also encouraged to evaluate the content of their delusions or of any internal voices they hear and to consider ways in which they might test the validity of their faulty beliefs. In the 1950s and 60s nurses often rewarded patients with cigarettes. One area where the model has had considerable success is schizophrenia, a disease with both genetic and environmental causes. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. 214 High Street, First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo They are effectively discriminated against (in this case, denied rewards) for being more severely ill. Response. Central idea: Patients problems are based on incorrect beliefs and expectations. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. (1991) found a relapse rate of almost 40% when patients had drugs only, compared to only 20 % when Family Therapy or Social Skills training were used and the relapse rate was less than 5% when both were used together with the medication. Kahn et al. Comorbidity is when the same person has two or more disorders at the same time. Eg. tutor2u is the leading support service for A-Level, GCSE, BTEC and IB students and teachers preparing for assessments, mocks and final exams. Chronic environmental stress, for example having a schizophrenogenic mother, results in the onset of schizophrenia. [4 marks], a) this study is about differences between two conditions/groups so the Mann-Whitney is appropriate it is not about correlation/relationship between two variables so Spearman's is not appropriate. Concordance rates are never 100% which suggests that environmental factors must also play a role in the development of SZ. However, the newer antipsychotic drugs affect other neurotransmitters such as serotonin and glutamate as well as dopamine. Work out ways to recognise negative thoughts and test faulty beliefs when they arise, and then challenge and re-think them. Atypical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1970s, as an attempt to find drugs with fewer severe side-effects than typical antipsychotics. During CBT, the therapist lets the patient develop their own alternatives to previous maladaptive beliefs, ideally by looking for alternative explanations and coping strategies that are already present in the patients mind. Another family variable associated with schizophrenia is a negative emotional climate, or more generally a high degree of expressed emotion (EE). Family therapy is a form of therapy carried out with members of the family with the aim of improving their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family. Further support comes from the fact that dopamine agonists (e.g. But in fact some Schizophrenics are successfully treated whereas others are not. VAT reg no 816865400. So in this context it is the occurrence of two illnesses or conditions together; for example, a person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder. Schizophrenia is a severe type of mental illness that affects a person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. Laing and others rejected the medical / biological explanation of mental disorders. Thought disorder in which there are breaks in the train of thought and the person appears to make illogical jumps from one topic to another (loose association). Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. Comorbidity describes people who suffer from two or more mental disorders. The Family of Schizophrenia | Psychology Today The Genome Project has increased understanding of the complexity of the gene. Does the low motivation reflect depression or schizophrenia, or both? Evidence to support the genetic explanation comes from Gottesman and Shields, who found a concordance rate of 42% for MZ and 9% for DZ. CBT aims to identify and alter irrational thinking including regarding: In theory, when the misunderstandings have been swept away, emotional attitudes will also improve. If family dynamics were the sole cause of schizophrenia, then all children raised in similar environments should be schizophrenic. However, group Bs scores suggest a positively skewed distribution as the mean (26) is higher than both the median (22.5) and the mode (16). Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Slater & Roth (1969) say that hallucinations are the least important of all the symptoms, as they are not exclusive to schizophrenic people. Researchers have focused on two factors which appear to be related to some of the experiences and behaviors of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The differences were so large the schizophrenic twins could be easily identified from the brain images in 12 out of 15 pairs. They involve modifying/interfering with the action of neurotransmitters, in order to increase (agonists) or decrease (antagonists) their activity. Biological explanations for schizophrenia can be criticised for being biologically reductionist. [4 marks], Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. Clozapine, Olazapine and Risperidone. Comorbidities were also found with epilepsy being the . When the families were rated as healthy, the likelihood of developing schizophrenia for those with a biological mother with schizophrenia fell to below 1%. Family therapy for families of adolescents or young adults who have developed schizophrenia tends currently to emphasize psychoeducation (guidance about schizophrenia and its treatment) and aims at enhancing recovery rather than the discovery of pathogenic patterns of child-rearing (McFarlane 2016 ). A strength is that the research into enlarged ventricles and neurotransmitter levels have high reliability. Jack's experiences can be linked to the family dysfunction explanation. Small doses given to people already suffering from schizophrenia tend to worsen their symptoms. Cause and effect It remains unclear whether cognitive factors cause schizophrenia or if schizophrenia causes these cognitions Family dysfunction may not be a valid explanation for schizophrenia. 11 items. Also, research by Sherrington et al. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. Research indicates their attention skills may be deficient they often appear easily distracted. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. Most importantly, families can make the schizophrenic feel loved, accepted and valued. Saul Mcleod, Ph.D., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years experience of working in further and higher education. Example Answers for Schizophrenia: A Level Psychology, Paper 3, June 2019 (AQA) Exam Support. Some people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic appear to have difficulties with this skill. Jakobsen et al. Note: you may come across the terms DSM-IV and ICD-10. Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. Both aspect of diathesis-stress must be present to develop the disorder. (2007) three genes: COMT, DRD4, AKT1 have all been associated with excess dopamine in specific D2 receptors, leading to acute episodes, positive symptoms which include delusions, hallucinations, strange attitudes. So environment does play a part in triggering the illness. West Yorkshire, holes) in the brain that supply nutrients and remove waste. They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. System overlap refers to the way that disorders have shared symptoms. Berger (1965), however this evidence may be unreliable because the patients recall may be effected by the dis-order e.g. Recovery may be due to psychological factors The placebo effect is when patients symptoms are reduced because they believe that it should. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. A second explanation developed, which suggests that it is not excessive dopamine but that fact that there are more dopamine receptors. This weakens the interactionist explanation. It can also reduce positive symptoms by not rewarding them, but rewarding desirable behavior instead. In addition, they can then predict the outcome of the disorder and suggest related treatment to help the patient. First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics Comorbidity refers to more than one disorders or diseases that exist alongside a primary diagnosis, which is the reason a patient gets referred and/or treated. Is the raised dopamine levels the cause of the schizophrenia, or is it the raised dopamine level the result of schizophrenia? Individual differences EE is associated with relapse but not all patients who live in high EE families relapse and not all patients in low EE families avoid relapse Family dysfunction is an incomplete explanation for schizophrenia. If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. Participants in Group A were a volunteer sample of people from a self-help group for people with schizophrenia. Tarrier (2005) reviewed trials of CBT, finding evidence of reduced symptoms, especially positive ones, and lower relapse rates. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia - YouTube The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. Pills are not as helpful with other symptoms, especially emotional problems. There is no such thing as a normal schizophrenic exhibiting the usual symptoms. Drugs such as Chlorpromazine also have a sedative effect, meaning that they calm patients down and reduce anxiety. Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. In CBT, schizophrenia patients are encouraged to trace back the origins of their symptoms in order to get a better idea of how the symptoms might have developed. Very important to note genetics are only partly responsible, otherwise identical twins would have 100% concordance rates. Faris and Dunham (1939) found clear pattern of correlation between inner city environments and levels of psychosis. (1972) described how a child may be regularly trapped in situations where they fear doing the wrong thing, but receive mixed messages about what counts as wrong. The effect of this is, as well as reducing positive symptoms, the reduction of depression and anxiety, and the enhancement of mood. Evidence for this comes from that fact that amphetamines increase the amounts of dopamine . Keywords: psychosocial dysfunction, family burden, schizophrenia, OCD. An example is Clozapine which is used when other drugs have failed, due to the risk of agranulocytosis (a potentially fatal blood condition). To form identical twins, one fertilised egg (ovum) splits and develops two babies with exactly the same genetic information. Neuropsychologist Michael Foster Green suggests that neurocognitive deficits in basic functions such as memory, attention, central executive and problem solving skills may combine to have an outcome which we are labelling Schizophrenia as if it was the cause when in fact it is simply an umbrella term for a set of effects. The basic assumption of CBT is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. For example in some Asian countries people are not expected to show emotional expression, whereas in certain Arabic cultures public emotion is encouraged and understood. However she still suffers negative symptoms and side effects. She has been taking a typical antipsychotic drug and there have been improvements in her positive symptoms. THE DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY - Institute Of Counseling Holistic Identifies that patients have different triggers, genes etc. They block dopamine receptors on post-synaptic neurons, meaning that less dopamine is transmitted across the synapse. Sweets and cigarettes. They also have some effect on other neurotransmitters such as serotonin . The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder. Non-biological Explanation AO1 AO2 - PSYCHOLOGY WIZARD This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. They did not believe that schizophrenia was a disease. Hallucinations are usually auditory or visual perceptions of things that are not present. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. Family therapy is based on the premise that nurture (upbringing) is a significant factor in schizophrenia. Communication skills training teach family to listen, to express emotions and to discuss things. For example, about 50% of people with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with depression. It binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than Clozapine, and there is some evidence that it produces fewer side-effects. Large doses of amphetamine given to people with no history of psychological disorders produce behavior which is very similar to paranoid schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotic drugs work on negative symptoms, improving mood, cognitive functions and reducing depression and anxiety. With these particular questions there is a sizeable risk that people dont understand the difference between the questions, and then write about the wrong thing. CBT is rarely used without drug therapy, suggesting it is not enough on its own to treat schizophrenia. ', In a study of communication, researchers used a language rating scale to compare two groups of participants. Families can help minimize the damage to self of the schizophrenic that this entails. For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. found 108 separate genetic variations were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. therefore, it is not appropriate to generalise their language ability to all people with schizophrenia (must be some application here) Gender bias: Loring and Powell (1988) found that some behavior which was regarded as psychotic in males was not regarded as psychotic in females. DSM) should arrive at the same diagnosis for the same individual. A. Requires self-awareness and willingness to engage Held back by the symptoms schizophrenics encounter It is an ineffective treatment likely to lead to disengagement. This suggests that the research therefore does not protect individuals from harm. Culture One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do with cultural relativism and variations in diagnosis. Delusions: The most common delusion that people diagnosed with schizophrenia report is that others are trying to harm or kill them delusions of persecution. Treatment: In an interactionist approach, treatments will take more than one form. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. That said, please be assured that question paper development involves a rigorous and robust process during which experienced colleagues determine whether or not, for any specific content, within a . 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Weak evidence for family based explanations, there is no evidence that supports the importance of double bind theory. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction. Hickling (1999) the stress of urban living made African-Carribean immigrants in Britain 8 to 10 times more likely to experience schizophrenia. Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. Classification and diagnosis does have advantages as it allows doctors to communicate more effectively about a patient and use similar terminology when discussing them. Family dysfunction | definition of Family dysfunction by Medical dictionary Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. They cannot express their feelings about the unfairness of the situation. Token economies are only likely to work in a clinical setting, where patients can be constantly monitored and the system of rewards is closely controlled. This suggests that there is a problem of the chicken and egg scenario in relation to expressed emotion causing schizophrenia. Here are a series of suggested answers for the Schizophrenia topic questions in AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 (Section B) in June 2018. Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. (2005) tested the reliability of the ICD-10 classification system in diagnosing schizophrenia. Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction - Advantages and The Interactionist approach acknowledges that there are a range of factors (including biological and psychological) which are involved in the development of schizophrenia. , AQA A level Psychology paper 3 7182/3 14th June 2019 , AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 7182/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Psychology 2022 Predictions (Paper 3) . including dysfunctional thought processing. Psychological therapies are very rarely used alone, but sometimes patients may just take drugs without any other therapy. Company Reg no: 04489574. Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. Boston Spa, To educate relatives about schizophrenia. This makes it more difficult to confidently diagnose schizophrenia. At least 73% of his sample reported that these strategies were successful in managing their symptoms. Psychologists use the DSM and ICD to diagnose a patient with schizophrenia. Evidence suggests that the closer the biological relationship, the greater the risk of developing schizophrenia. Without this knowledge a person displaying overt emotional behavior in a Western culture might be regarded as abnormal. For example, some patients on typical antipsychotics develop tardive dyskinesia- a condition where there are uncontrollable facial tics. Their get up and go has got up and gone! These machines take accurate readings of brain regions such as the frontal and pre-frontal cortex, the basil ganglia, the hippocampus and the amygdale. Outline and evaluate the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia A second weakness of the double bind theory is that there are ethical issues. However, the concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100% which suggests that other factors must also be involved. Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. Due to the pivotal role of dopamine in schizophrenia this led to a culture of heavy smoking an nicotine addiction in psychiatric hospitals of the era. Gottesman reports that while the rate of schizophrenia in the general population is 1%, if one parent has schizophrenia there is a 12% likelihood their child will develop it and if both parents have schizophrenia, it increases to 40%. 1. This suggests that the biological account cannot give a full explanation of the disorder. To teach patients and carers more effective stress management techniques. Fox (1990): It is more likely that factors associated with living in poorer conditions (e.g. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, psychological explanation for schizophrenia, psychological explanations for schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - SS2 - Explanations - Socio-Cultural - Research, I need help on this A Level AQA psychology 16 marker please , A-Level Psychology Revision Tips and Tricks , comparing biological explanation of SZ with family dysfunction , Family dysfunction model of schizophrenia , aqa alevel psychology paper 3 2022 predictions? PDF Title: Psychological Explanations - WordPress.com