& Jiang, Y. Chinese Dates: A Traditional Functional Food (CRC press, 2016). More than 90% of jujube production is concentrated in six provinces, namely, Xinjiang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. In vitro induction of tetraploid Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var. and ZjCNGC2 mediated signalling cascades in response to cold stress. Acta Hortic. First, jujubes can satisfactorily meet the various needs of growers. Eur. by high-performance liquid chromatography. Content variation of water soluble polysaccharides during fruit development in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). The fruits are smaller and not so sweet. J. ) in a Paulownia and wheat intercropping system. Test Guideline for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) J. Sci. Zhang, L. et al. The 2019 Forum of China Jujube Industry, Linxian County, Shanxi Province (2019). . When I planted my Jujube as a bare root tree, I chopped it down to knee height about 2 feet tall and it finished the summer around 9 feet. Jujube never needs flower-promoting treatments. Acta Hortic. J. Ji, Q. Research methods should become more synergistic and internationalized. It only takes 10 days to differentiate flowers whenever there is new shoot growth1. Liu, M. et al. The trees are resistant to a great number of pests. Zhao, J. et al. PLoS ONE10, e0134519 (2015). Moreover, they cannot be adapted to large-scale, mechanized, and labor-saving operations in the future, nor can they meet the demands for high-quality, safe, and high-end products. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology (2022), Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (2022), Horticulture Research (Hortic Res) intercropping of cotton/9-year-old jujube trees. Liu, M. & Cheng, J. A total of 963 jujube germplasms were analyzed by SSRs to construct the core collection and germplasm resource management database21. In addition, 2000 years ago, jujube was introduced into Japan and Korea, to Central Asia and Europe via the ancient Silk Road, and gradually into at least 47 countries (Table 3) on all continents except Antarctica (45N35S)1,2,3,5. Three emasculation-free methods have been developed based on the discovery of two typical male-sterile germplasms and a group of self-fruitless/self-sterile germplasms that can replace male sterility42,43, which effectively overcame the key obstacle to artificial emasculation in jujube. Propagating jujubes. Univ.21, 8691 (1999). When made into glac fruits by boiling in honey and sugar syrup, they resemble Persian dates and are sometimes known as Chinese dates. Thus, the level of jujube production in China has long been at the forefront of fruit tree production in history, and jujube production has made an important contribution to the development of fruit tree science and technology (Fig. CAS Hortic Res 7, 119 (2020). A novel method for rapid in vivo induction of homogeneous polyploids via calluses in a woody fruit tree (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). & Liu, M. Expression profiles of genes and enzymes related to ascorbic acid metabolism in fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Method 3: is a universal technology free of emasculation, i.e., covering the parents with nets to keep away unexpected pollen donors, pollinating by bees inside the nets, and identifying the hybrids with molecular markers84. Mech.34, 2630 (2013). and wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) Period. Plant Genet. volume87,pages 929939 (2013)Cite this article. Ploidy segregation and pure tetraploid acquirement from mixoploid (2x + 4x) Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Approximately 1500 YA (the Northern Wei Dynasty), Jia Simiao wrote a famous agricultural book called Qi Min Yao Shu that not only recorded 45 jujube cultivars but also described cultivar selection breeding, orchard site selection, planting times and methods, flower thinning, girdling, harvesting, and jujube paste processing. & Gao, W. Genetic relationship of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) and sour jujube (Z. spinosa) based on RAPD markers. Forests10, 460 (2019). The fourth-generation technique is to induce polyploidy by treating in vivo calluses induced on branch cuts with colchicine, which could eliminate the severe mixoploidy formation from traditional polyploid breeding and directly produce pure polyploid shoots (Fig. Du, X., Li, D., Wang, Y., Sui, C. & Fan, B. Ciceoi, R., Dobrin, I., Mardare, E. S., Dicianu, E. D. & Stnic, F. Emerging pests of Ziziphus jujuba crop in. Good quality, stonelessness, high nutrient levels, and varied ripening times can satisfy consumers, whose demands have become increasingly critical and diversified. Fruit scientific research in new China in the past 70 years: Chinese jujube. The government and society pay more attention to ecological friendliness, the efficient use of land resources and the social and economic advantages for rural farmers in marginal regions. & Ma, Z. in China. fruits in China. The rooting rate can reach as high as 95%96, but its cost and technical requirements are relatively higher than those of other propagation techniques. Biotechnol.94, 123129 (2019). jujuba Mill. The results of sensory tests and analyses with common consumers of different ages and origins are positive and encouraging14,152. For Ecol Manag 16:269279, Mead R, Willey RW (1980) The concept of a land equivalent ratio and advantages in yields from intercropping. Asian J. Chem.24, 813815 (2012). As one of the longest-cultivated fruit trees in the world, jujube has abundant germplasm resources after undergoing long periods of natural evolution and artificial selection. In the last 30 years, various new products, such as jujube juice, jujube powder, jujube slices, jujube tea, jujube beer, jujube essence, and jujube pigment, have been developed149. Agrofor Syst 48:2540, Gruenewald H, Brandt BKV, Schneider BU, Bens O, Kendzia G, Huettl RF (2007) Agroforestry systems for the production of woody biomass for energy transformation purposes. Solar greenhouses along hillsides facing the sun in the Taihang Mountains of Hebei Province have the advantages of lower investment costs, better sunlight, and much better heat retaining properties than a traditional greenhouse by using the mountain as the back wall of the greenhouses107. Jujube tree needs to change its pots when it is young, turning pots and changing soil. Agric. To obtain Liu, X., Li, H., Liu, Z., Zhao, J. Consequently, the pure polyploid creation and evaluation period can be shortened by 35 years. Wang, Z. et al. J. A further cluster analysis of isoenzymes, palynology, and DNA showed that some jujube cultivars and sour jujube genotypes were usually clustered together instead of being totally separated58,59,60, indicating that there are probably several evolutionary pathways from sour jujube to jujube. PubMed Central Moreover, fundamental, applied, developmental, and broad-scale visual research should be highly integrated. Li, D. Descriptors and Data Standard for Chinese Jujube (China Agriculture Press, 2006). Zhang, X. Metabolomic Approaches Reveal the Physiological Mechanism of China Cointree as Jujubes Stock in Resistance to Jujube Witches Broom. Google Scholar, Maghembe JA, Kaoneka ARS, Lulandala LLL (1986) Intercropping, weeding and spacing effects on growth and nutrient content in Leucaena leucocephala at Morogoro, Tanzania. Therefore, the development of jujube can make efficient use of marginal lands, improve the environment, and provide farmers in rural regions with an agricultural industry that is easy to manage and provides high revenues. showed that the percentage of healthy fruit and the edible rate of Dongzao jujube stored at 2C for 100 days were 7.4% and 20.2% higher than those of jujube stored at 0C125. Sin.32, 10081012 (2005). Sci.36, 13691381 (2019). Beijing Forestry University, Beijing (2016). Consequently, it is difficult to fulfill the new demands of government and enterprises for scientific decision-making. A series of new products with high nutrient value, such as refined jujube cyclic nucleotides, jujube polysaccharides, jujube oil, instant jujube powder, and high vitamin C juice, have been developed54,139,149. Jujube is becoming increasingly important in arid and semiarid marginal lands because of its outstanding endurance and adaptability to drought as well as barren and salty soil and deserves to be considered a superfruit for the future due to its distinct advantages. It was discovered that an autotetraploid sour jujube had higher tolerance to salinity than the diploid, and its preliminary molecular mechanism was illustrated80,81. Competitive interaction in jujube tree/cotton agroforestry system in Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin (2013). Wang, J., Liu, L., Liu, M. & Zhou, J. Acquirement of new male sterile germplasm of Chinese jujube. The fruits of the tetraploids were 3050% larger in size, 47 days earlier to mature and better tasting than diploid fruits. Anal.39, 230234 (2019). var. Acta Hortic.993, 219224 (2013). This result was later confirmed by SSR and cpSSR analysis61,62. Food Compos. This chapter focuses on the disease management using antibiotics and resistant . spinosa. . cv. A postharvest physiological study revealed the main factors influencing fruit preservation in jujube115. Pap. Rep.7, 1025 (2017). Rom. & Tian, J. Study on cAMP in branch and leaf of Chinese jujube and seedlings of wild jujube. CAB International, Wallingford, p 276, Zamora DS, Jose S, Nair PKR, Ramsey CL (2006) Interspecific competition in a pecan-cotton alleycropping system in the southern United States: production physiology. 387 (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016). Its utilization and cultivation history can be traced back to the Neolithic age, 7000 years ago1,2,3,4,5. It was reported that jujube originated from the Yellow River valley between Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, China, after studying ancient documents, fossils and modern distributions as well as the transitional genotypes of jujube and sour jujube1,5. It takes ~1 month for natural drying or air drying to be complete, while the time required can be reduced to 1 day or even less with artificial drying. Liu, M., Zhao, J., Wang, J., Liu, Z. Liu, M. et al. Planting: Dig a hole big enough to accommodate the root system. HortScience53, 609612 (2018). The root distribution reacts primarily to the availability of water and nutrients. J. and Z. acidojujuba Liu et Cheng67,68. The contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively. Li, D., Niu, X. Sin.33, 687 (2006). Su, C., Liu, X., Yan, C., Bai., X. Plant Physiol. Shi, Q. et al. Exp. They don't have much need for fertilizers, and just some mulching with organic matter will do an excellent job of feeding your Jujube tree once it's a few years old. A field study was conducted at Hetian oasis, southern Xinjiang, northwestern China, to investigate root distribution and morphology affected by interspecific interactions between jujube trees (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Sci. & Shan, G. The Chinese Jujube (Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2010). Commun.42, 221224 (2006). Plant Cell Tiss. Genom.11, 809 (2015). (8) International exchange and cooperation: enhancing global jujube research, production, and marketing; promoting more international research, including multicountry, multisite variety, and technology testing, within bilateral agreements and especially with the help of the Jujube Working Group of the International Society for Horticultural Sciences. Cymosiflora Cheng et Liu and Ser. Regarding the obvious differences in distribution, morphology, usage, and historical knowledge of jujube and sour jujube in China, Liu et al. The Indian, or cottony, jujube (Z. mauritiana) differs from the common jujube in having leaves that are woolly beneath instead of smooth. Agric. The second is Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube10, which recorded 1033 accessions of jujube (Z. jujuba Mill. Regarding the taxonomic relationship between jujube and sour jujube (Z acidojujuba Cheng et LiuZ. PLoS ONE11, e0154212 (2016). 3. Fu found that controlled freezing-point storage was better than normal cold storage in terms of delaying ripening and aging126. Eng.3, 131136 (2016). in Bucureti area. Bare root trees should be planted the same depth as in the nursery row (or no more than 1-inch below). contributed to the final draft. Acta Hortic.840, 259262 (2008). Agrofor Syst 43:534, Schroth G, Zech W (1995) Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole cropping and an alley cropping system with Gliricidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of West Africa. 2009BADA4B03), by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (Project No. When the two plant species grow together interspecific interactions between them inevitably occur. . Sin.31, 647650 (2004). Liu, P. et al. Zhang, G. & Yu, X. Plastic house and Chinese solar greenhouse cultivation (a plastic house with thick back wall as a thermal mass) have been successful in North China and have formed large-scale production regions of over 10,000ha in Dali County in Shaanxi Province and Linyi County in Shanxi Province in China. J. Chen, D. The problems and solutions of Hami jujube mechanized drying. Jujube Candy. 2011(Zhang et al. To make glazed jujubes, halve and seed the ripe (but not dry) fruit and place in equal parts water and brown sugar (just enough to cover the fruit). J. Anhui Agric. Li, M. et al. Acta Hortic. Fore.32, 117121 (2004). Genome sequencing is the golden key to unlocking the genetic code of life. Research on jujube cultivation technology has a long history that includes fruitful achievements and has played an important role in promoting the jujube industry. In recent years, equipment for jujube fruit sorting or integrated cleaning and sorting has been developed and widely applied in the jujube industry in China133,134,135.
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