My 11 year old daughter has been complaining of foot pain. Tuberosity avulsion fractures cause pain and tenderness at the base of the fifth metatarsal and follow forced inversion during plantar flexion of the foot and ankle. High arches, resulting in excess pressure on the outside of your foot. Surgery: If your bones are out of place (displaced) more than 3 mm or if youre an elite athlete, your provider may recommend surgery. These fractures are usually perpendicular to the long axis of the fifth metatarsal. The site is secure. Discussion in 'General Issues and Discussion Forum' started by Caboose, Mar 5, 2012. De Quervain tenosynovitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Cheung C & Lui T. Proximal Fifth Metatarsal Fractures: Anatomy, Classification, Treatment and Complications. eCollection 2020 Nov. Kermani H, Dehghani N, Aghdashi F, Esmaeelinejad M. Trauma Mon. 2010;18:474. eCollection 2016 Feb. Massively enlarged styloid process presenting as a submandibular mass. Check for errors and try again. Achilles tendinopathy: Current concepts about the basic science and clinical treatments. I originally thought she may have just gotten stepped on in basketball, however upon further examination I noticed a pretty large protrusion on the outside of her right foot. The patient with an avulsion fracture experiences the sudden onset of pain at the base of the fifth metatarsal. Associated soft tissue structures include the lateral band of the plantar fascia, the peroneus brevis tendon and the peroneus tertius tendon. Try to keep your foot elevated at about the level of your heart whenever possible, such as while watching television. The pain will be present on the outside of the foot, close to the 'bump' present on the outside of the foot called the styloid process. If the styloid process can be palpated submucosally, a transoral resection may be chosen. Bubra PS, Keighley G, Rateesh S, Carmody D. Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: an overlooked cause of foot deformity. Cuboid Syndrome: Treatment and Recovery - Healthline Pain in big toe when stretching to touch toes ? Fractures of the proximal portion of the fifth metatarsal may be classified as avulsions of the tuberosity or fractures of the shaft within 1.5 cm of the tuberosity. Using ice, keeping weight off your foot and elevating your foot can help decrease recovery time. Women tend to have a higher rate of avulsion and mid-shaft fractures than men. 2002 Feb;60(2):171-5. doi: 10.1053/joms.2002.29814. By joining our free global community of Podiatrists and other interested foot health care professionals you will have access to post podiatry topics (answer and ask questions), communicate privately with other members, upload content, view attachments, receive a weekly email update of new discussions, access other special features. Diagnosis can usually be made on physical examination by digital palpation of the styloid process in the tonsillar fossa, which exacerbates the pain. Renard D, Azakri S, Arquizan C, Swinnen B, Labauge P, Thijs V. Stroke. Posterior tibial dysfunction. Talk to your provider about the best medication for you. Styloid process elongation in a sample of Lebanese population: a consideration for the prevention of Eagle syndrome. In five cases a transoral route was used and in one cases a transcervical route. Tendonitis can be caused by overuse, injury, foot problems, and some medical conditionsand often it's a combination of these factors. 2015;4(1):26-9. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.152245, Davda K, Malhotra K, O'Donnell P, Singh D, Cullen N. Peroneal tendon disorders. Flexor tendonitisfelt deep in the back of the ankle on the interior sideis common in ballet dancers. There are plenty of conservative therapies you can try, and Achilles tendonitis rarely needs surgical intervention. Using ice, keeping weight off your foot and elevating your foot can help decrease recovery time. 1998 Jan;91(1):43. doi: 10.1097/00007611-199801000-00010. It causes pain with activity that usually goes away with rest, only to return when you move it again. Is my condition likely temporary or chronic? Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. The general idea for treating foot and ankle tendonitis is to rest the injury so the body can heal. Would you like email updates of new search results? They usually report a prodromal period of aches and pain at the base of the fifth metatarsal while exercising or weight bearing. Type I fractures are generally treated conservatively with a nonweight-bearing short leg cast for six to eight weeks. SCOTT M. STRAYER, CPT, USAF, MC, STEVEN G. REECE, M.D., AND MICHAEL J. PETRIZZI, M.D. Policy. Definition, Function, And Types of Styloid Processes You - Bodytomy FOIA To protect your skin, wrap the ice packs in a thin towel. In this procedure, a foot and ankle surgeon will place a pin, screw, rod or plate into your foot to keep the bone in place. What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms? Hoffmann E, Rder C, Fuhrmann H, Maurer P. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. Copyright 1999 by the American Academy of Family Physicians. Over-the-counter pain relievers might help ease your discomfort. Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendonitis in children and teens. In rare cases, when conservative measures don't relieve your pain and your metatarsalgia is complicated by foot conditions such as hammertoe, surgery to realign the metatarsal bones might be an option. Providers can treat your broken bone with a cast, boot or shoe or with surgery. High-arched feet are more likely to cause shoe friction that leads to this type of tendonitis. What type of tendonitis is common in ballet dancers? Fractures of the Proximal Fifth Metatarsal | AAFP No treatment is necessary. government site. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us"}, Gaillard F, Niknejad M, Hacking C, et al. Proximal Fifth Metatarsal Fractures: Anatomy, Classification, Treatment and Complications. The peroneals are pain free even right at the insertion. Twisting or rotating your foot due to an accident or sports injury. The most common complications include: You can reduce your risk of a fifth metatarsal fracture by maintaining a healthy weight and managing diabetes if you have it. Evaluation and diagnosis of common causes of foot pain in adults. Try ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), naproxen sodium (Aleve) or aspirin to reduce pain and inflammation. Treatment should be continued until symptoms abateusually within three to six weeks.79 Plain film evidence of union varies widely but is generally evident within eight weeks.1 Rarely, the fracture may heal by asymptomatic fibrous union. Tendonitis causes pain and swelling in the tendons of your foot and ankle. Adam H. Kaplan, DPM, is a podiatrist who has been in private practice for over 5 years in New Jersey and specializes in a wide scope of foot care. Causes of Ankle Pain and Treatment Options, Achilles Tendon Pain: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments. Fracture of a Flow Diverter in the Cervical Internal Carotid Artery Due to Eagle Syndrome. 2013 Sep;44(9):2475-9. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001444. You can typically return to your regular activities, including sports, three to four months after surgery or immobilization. Some authors believe that it is due to the lateral cord of the plantar aponeurosis which also inserts at the base, rather than the peroneus brevis tendon 2. Icing your foot for 20 minutes a day as needed, after your injury and before treatment. Ulnar Styloid Fracture: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Healing Time If it's too loose, it will not provide enough support, and wrapping too tight may hurt and cause harm. Trigeminal neuralgia post-styloidectomy in Eagle syndrome: a case Posterior tibial tendonitis is usually associated with flat feet. Use vacuum-formed polypropylene rather than milled. Orthotic Adjustments For Prominent Fifth Metatarsal Base: Plantar or Lateral? Often, your foot and ankle will become stiff when you have tendonitis. Epub 2023 Jan 10. Adolescent foot pain (Styloid Process), Current concepts in treating flexible flat-foot in older adolescents. BTW: The small lytic area at the styloid is an anatomic radiographic artifact. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help As the condition gets worse, the foot becomes flatter, and the toes fan further outward. In a child, the bones grow from areas called growth plates. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Limit your activity as much as possible. Do you often go barefoot? The growth plate is made up of cartilage, which is softer and more vulnerable to injury than mature bone. Examples include pivot-shifting in football or basketball, with the heel off the ground. Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Foundation. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2013. http://www.accessmedicine.com. Sir Robert Jones described his own fracture of the fifth metatarsal in 1902, when he injured himself while dancing around a Maypole at a military garden party. Yes, we can add more expansionto the lateral column and keep the cast fill minimal on the medial arch. 2016;2016:6492597. doi:10.1155/2016/6492597. For some people, this can cause problems with walking. PMC Extensor tendinopathy. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with The posterior tibial tendon attaches from the tibia/ interosseous membrane and fibula and inserts to multiple bones to the bottom of the feet. ). To treat with R.I.C.E., do the following: If pain and swelling don't improve with home care, get worse, or occur while you are resting, you need to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Enlarged styloid process | Podiatry Arena Other common symptoms include: This type of tendonitis usually affects dancers or people who do activities that require a lot of toe balancing. 2011 Mar;137(3):248-52. doi: 10.1001/archoto.2011.25. With Achilles tendonitis, pain is located two to six centimeters (about one to three inches) above the area where the tendon attaches to the calcaneus (heel bone) or at the insertion site of the tendon to the heel bone. Both structures have been implicated in avulsion-type fractures.25. This content does not have an English version. http://www.aofas.org/footcaremd/conditions/ailments-of-the-smaller-toes/Pages/Metatarsalgia.aspx. Yes, people with flat feet are more prone to posterior tibial tendonitis. Bookshelf They may also request some imaging tests: Treatment for a fifth metatarsal fracture depends on whether the broken bones have moved out of place. Some cases require your surgeon to remove damaged bone around the fracture and replace it with a bone graft. MeSH This may result from shoe laces that are too tight or wearing shoes that don't fit properly. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal You are currently viewing our podiatry forum as a guest which gives you limited access to view all podiatry discussions and access our other features. This content is owned by the AAFP. There are various alternatives for its treatment. 2012 Jul;154(7):1119-26. doi: 10.1007/s00701-012-1385-2. Due to its location, the styloid process is susceptible to injuries, such as fractures and sprains, which are common in athletes who engage in high . All displaced fractures and type III fractures should be managed surgically. Diagnosis of fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal relies on the basic principles of evaluating musculoskeletal injuries. Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 12/29/2021. In addition to rest, your healthcare provider may suggest: One of the best ways to prevent tendonitis is by doingfootand ankle stretches before exercise. It's treated with rest and anti-inflammatory medication. Sprains, strains and other soft-tissue injuries. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. All patients were placed on a stepwise therapy plan, which began with a medicamentous treatment, followed by a surgical treatment, if the problems persisted. Metatarsalgia. Do you get the weekly newsletter that Podiatry Arena sends out to update everybody? J Clin Exp Dent. The lump on outside of foot may be brought by the swelling in the styloid process of the fifth metatarsal. In addition, relief of symptoms with injection of an anesthetic solution into the tonsillar fossa is highly suggestive of this diagnosis. Before the development of Torg's classification system, high rates of nonunion were reported in patients with Jones fracture. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Apophysitis of the fifth metatarsal base (Iselin's disease) is a self-limiting disorder of active children that spontaneously resolves with completion of growth. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Mechanisms of tendon injury and repair. Symptomatic accessory ossicles may be definitively treated with surgical excision. Foot pain Heel pain ICD-10-CM M79.673 is grouped within Diagnostic Related Group (s) (MS-DRG v40.0): 555 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue with mcc 556 Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue without mcc Convert M79.673 to ICD-9-CM Code History In fact, I think it is an excellent prescription and I would only make the following changes: ProLab takes a scientific approach with our orthoses by integrating evidence-based medicine into orthotic therapy. In competitive athletes, these fractures are usually treated operatively, either with medullary curettage and inlay bone grafting or intramedullary screw fixation. Achilles tendonitis is a common sports injury. Careers. Read our, Posterior Tibial Tendonitis (Inner Side of Ankle), Peroneal Tendonitis(Outer Side of Ankle), Shock Wave Therapy for Tendonitis and Plantar Fasciitis, Exercises for Foot and Ankle Injury Recovery. If we combine this information with your protected Rarely, however, do they indicate, We had this question come in from a ProLab client today: QUESTION: I have a question regarding a prescription for, Orthotics for Chronic Neuropathic Ulcer on the Plantar Medial Hallux. The site is secure. Treatment of nondisplaced tuberosity avulsion fractures is conservative. 2016 Feb 6;21(1):e24395. Type III fractures should be treated operatively (Table 3). Overuse injury causes, symptoms, and treatments. Foot or ankle tendonitis is a common cause of foot or ankle pain. Use a cold compress for 2 minutes at a time for the first 72 hours. If you have high-arched feet and a history of ankle sprains, you may be at risk for this type of tendonitis. It is a common condition among those who dance, figure skate, run, or ski. (https://www.footcaremd.org/conditions-treatments/midfoot/fifth-metatarsal-fracture-surgery). IJMSR. 2020 Nov 1;12(11):e1027-e1032. ), Painful overgrowth of fatty pad over plantar styloid process, Outcomes of toe amputation in patients with type 2 diabetes, Platelet rich plasma vs shock wave vs corticosteroids for plantar fasciitis, Renal failure and foot ulcer or lower extremity amputation in those patients with diabetes, First metatarsophalangeal joint lateral release in hallux valgus surgery, Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Disease Activity Index, Specialized Training in Young Athletes Linked to Serious Overuse Injuries, Metatarsal stress fractures in cricket fast bowlers, Toe flexor strength measurement and falls prevention. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. (https://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-017-1893-6). Apophysis. information submitted for this request. At the time the article was last revised Mohammadtaghi Niknejad had Rolling your ankle and foot inward (inversion injury). Although the avulsion fracture is often extra-articular, involvement of the metatarsal-cuboid joint is not uncommon. Differentiation is based on history. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Options include elastic wrapping, ankle splints and low-profile walking boots or casts. Wear proper shoes. Stevens M, El-Khoury G, Kathol M, Brandser E, Chow S. Imaging Features of Avulsion Injuries. Copyright 2023 American Academy of Family Physicians. Peroneal tendinosis. B. Fractures of the proximal metatarsal within 1.5 cm of the tuberosity, Fracture line with sharp margins and no widening, Minimal evidence of periosteal reaction to chronic stress, Fracture line that involves both cortices with associated periosteal bone union (, Widened fracture line with adjacent radiolucency related to bone resorption, Complete obliteration of the medullary canal at the fracture site by sclerotic bone, Acute fracture of the proximal metatarsal within 1.5 cm of tuberosity (Jones fracture), Laterally directed force on forefoot with ankle in plantar flexion, Type I: nonweight-bearing immobilization for six to eight weeks, Type II: nonweight-bearing immobilization vs. surgical fixation for active athletes or patients preferring surgical therapy, Types II, III: variable healing potential, Stress fracture of the proximal metatarsal within 1.5 cm of tuberosity, Type I: nonweight-bearing immobilization for six to eight weeks (may require up to 20 weeks), Forced inversion with ankle in plantar flexion, Elastic wrapping, ankle splints, low-profile walking boot or cast with weight bearing as tolerated (approximately three to six weeks). Looking at the device printout it appears that there is a significant medial heel skive and there is significant thickness under the lateral forefoot. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Although most fractures of the proximal portion of the fifth metatarsal respond well to appropriate management, delayed union, muscle atrophy and chronic pain may be long-term complications. Depending on the extent and cause of your injury, tendonitis can take a few weeks to a few months to heal. Fifth metatarsal fractures and current treatment. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Baumbach SF, Prall WC, Kramer M, Braunstein M, et al. Achilles tendinitis. An elongated styloid process may put pressure on the throat and compress nearby nerves or blood vessels, causing pain. The following are common types of tendonitis of the foot and ankle. Tendonitis occurs when these tendons become inflamed as a result of injury or overuse. Stress fracture occurs predominantly in younger patients and athletes. Treatment also depends on your: Treatments for fifth metatarsal fractures include: Immobilization: If your bones are in place (aligned), your provider may suggest immobilization. These fractures occur from injury, overuse or high arches. Penn Medicine. Accessed Aug. 23, 2016. The history should focus on the mechanism of injury. The styloid process is a small, pointy bone just below your ear. It has been postulated that these nonunions were due to disruption of the vascular supply, which enters the bone in the metaphyseal-diaphyseal region.14,15 However, if the fracture is properly classified as type I or type II, treatment is initially conservative in all but elite athletes, advanced amateur athletes, or patients who prefer surgical treatment. This material may not otherwise be downloaded, copied, printed, stored, transmitted or reproduced in any medium, whether now known or later invented, except as authorized in writing by the AAFP. It runs along the inner side of the ankle and arch. Shoe orthotics are often used to prevent and treat posterior tibial tendonitis. Physical examination reveals tenderness at the fifth metatarsal base. 2000 Apr;28(2):123-7. doi: 10.1054/jcms.2000.0128. Avulsion fractures of the tuberosity are the most common fractures involving the proximal fifth metatarsal. Postoperatively, four patients were free of symptoms and did not present any functional deficit. National Library of Medicine Other causes of Eagle syndrome include: Tonsillectomy: Sometimes,. Approach to the patient with foot & ankle pain. Conclusion: This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Dress Orthotics for Patient with Sub 2nd Met Pain. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Local bruising, swelling and other injuries may be present. EFORT Open Rev. The child complains of localized pain on activity that resolves with rest. Li HY, Hua YH. A fifth metatarsal fracture is a common injury where the bone connecting your ankle to your little toe breaks. Stretching your muscles before exercise is a good way to prevent tendonitis. Depending on your condition, it may be okay to walk so long as it doesn't worsen your symptoms. Metatarsalgia (forefoot pain). By joining our free global community of Podiatrists and other interested foot health care professionals you will have access to post podiatry topics (answer and ask questions), communicate privately with other members, upload content, view attachments, receive a weekly email update of new discussions, access other special features. ), Outcomes of toe amputation in patients with type 2 diabetes, Platelet rich plasma vs shock wave vs corticosteroids for plantar fasciitis, Renal failure and foot ulcer or lower extremity amputation in those patients with diabetes, First metatarsophalangeal joint lateral release in hallux valgus surgery, Rheumatoid Arthritis Foot Disease Activity Index, Specialized Training in Young Athletes Linked to Serious Overuse Injuries, Metatarsal stress fractures in cricket fast bowlers, Toe flexor strength measurement and falls prevention. This causes pain deep in the back of the ankle, on the big toe side. He also has a bilateral very prominent base of the 5th metatarsal with significant callus formation bilaterally, greater on the right, that seem to be getting larger with time, but are asymptomatic; the prominence is quite visible laterally but also INFERIORLY in a plantar direction (to a lesser extent than laterally). Pfaff JAR, Weymayr F, Killer-Oberpflazer M. Neurointervention. Your provider may recommend physical therapy to help restore mobility in your foot. Youll need to keep weight off your foot for at least six weeks. You may also need to use crutches. You may be able to manage your tendonitis with self-care until it heals, but if it doesn't get better, you should see a healthcare provider. But, a minimum cast fill under the lateral longitudinal arch would seem to me to put unnecessary pressure on the base of the 5th metatarsal and accompanying soft tissue enlargement. The insertion will stay in place after your bone heals. Providers may also treat zone 2 (Jones) fractures with immobilization as a first step. See permissionsforcopyrightquestions and/or permission requests. Your healthcare provider may also suggest shoe inserts or other orthotics, anti-inflammatory medication, or physical therapy. This is usually the only treatment necessary for zone 1 (avulsion). In this report we present a case of Eagle syndrome exhibiting the typical findings of glossopharyngeal nerve involvement, as well as unusual involvement of the trigeminal nerve. Registered users do not get displayed the advertisements in posted messages. Bringing Podiatry Information to the User. Patients describe sudden pain at the base of the fifth metatarsal, with difficulty bearing weight on the foot. A stepwise therapy of the styloid syndrome including medicamentous treatment, transoral styloid fracture and resection of the styloid process has proven to be of value. The Achilles tendon is the large tendon that attaches the calf muscles to the back of the heel. ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads. Despite what should be a simple entity, controversy exists, as well as confusion in the literature, with the term Jones fracture sometimes liberally (and incorrectly) applied to this fracture. This pain may worsen when running both uphill and downhill. Six patients underwent surgical resection of the styloid process. 8600 Rockville Pike Apophysitis (Iselin's Disease). Rarely, the clinician finds associated ecchymosis and edema. First steps If your pain has just started, the best place to start is to rest, elevate your foot, apply ice to help reduce the swelling, and use a compression bandage if you have one. These tests will help your healthcare provider see whether you have a broken bone, calcification (a build-up of calcium in the tendon), or if your tendon has torn. Athletes often present early in the training season. Physical examination reveals tenderness at the base of the fifth metatarsal, often with ecchymosis and swelling at the site. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Very painful to palpate styloid process and severe pain in joint space between styloid and cuboid. Patients and methods: Iselin Disease | Lurie Children's The mechanism of injury was described as treading on the outer side of his foot with his heel at the moment being off the ground. He described the location of the fracture as occurring in the 3/4-in (1.5-cm) segment of the shaft on the fifth metatarsal distal to the styloid.10, The classification system based on historical and radiographic criteria developed by Torg and colleagues1113 has been used to classify these fractures and to identify those suitable for nonoperative treatment (Table 2). The most common symptom of cuboid syndrome is pain on the lateral side of your foot where your smallest toe is. They may also use a bone healing stimulator, which sends an electrical current to stimulate healing. Adolescent foot pain (Styloid Process) - iPodiatry OrthoInfo. 5th Metatarsal Fracture: Types, Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic Avulsion fracture of the 5th metatarsal styloid. 2017;2(6):281-292. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.2.160047. Regmi D, Baidhya R, Rajak A, Shrestha S, Bista M. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. Comminuted fractures and avulsion fractures involving more than 30 percent of the cubo-metatarsal articulation surface should also be considered for orthopedic referral5 (Figure 4). 1. Sesamoiditis: What Is It, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic Bookshelf If providers treat your fracture with immobilization, you can expect to heal in six to eight weeks. 2023 Mar;18(1):72-75. doi: 10.5469/neuroint.2022.00409. To help ease your metatarsalgia pain, try these tips: You'll either see your family doctor or general practitioner or be referred to a bone specialist (orthopedist) or a foot specialist (podiatrist). These fractures occur from injury, overuse or high arches. The tuberosity (styloid process) is a bony prominence that protrudes laterally and plantarward from the base of the fifth metatarsal. It can happen if your activity level has recently increased, you've started playing a new sport, or you've started wearing new shoes. You might need an X-ray to identify or rule out a stress fracture or other foot problems. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 01 May 2023) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-952, Figure 1: proximal 5th metatarsal fractures, Iselin disease: traction apophysitis base of the 5th metatarsal, Apophysis of 5th metatarsal (illustration), View Frank Gaillard's current disclosures, View Mohammadtaghi Niknejad's current disclosures, see full revision history and disclosures, fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal, doi:10.1148/radiographics.19.3.g99ma05655, Gustilo Anderson classification (compound fracture), Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures, Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dissociation, longitudinal versus transverse petrous temporal bone fracture, naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture, cervical spine fracture classification systems, AO classification of upper cervical injuries, subaxial cervical spine injury classification (SLIC), thoracolumbar spinal fracture classification systems, AO classification of thoracolumbar injuries, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), Rockwood classification (acromioclavicular joint injury), Neer classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO classification (proximal humeral fracture), AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures, Milch classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Weiss classification (lateral humeral condyle fracture), Bado classification of Monteggia fracture-dislocations (radius-ulna), Mason classification (radial head fracture), Frykman classification (distal radial fracture), Hintermann classification (gamekeeper's thumb), Eaton classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Keifhaber-Stern classification (volar plate avulsion injury), Judet and Letournel classification (acetabular fracture), Harris classification (acetebular fracture), Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures, Pipkin classification (femoral head fracture), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Cooke and Newman classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Johansson classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Vancouver classification (periprosthetic hip fracture), Winquist classification (femoral shaft fracture), Schatzker classification (tibial plateau fracture), AO classification of distal femur fractures, Lauge-Hansen classification (ankle injury), Danis-Weber classification (ankle fracture), Berndt and Harty classification (osteochondral lesions of the talus), Sanders CT classification (calcaneal fracture), Hawkins classification (talar neck fracture), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) avulsion, anterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture, avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal, Avulsion fracture of the fifth metatarsal styloid, Avulsion fracture of the proximal fifth metatarsal, Proximal 5th metatarsal avulsion fracture, Avulsion fracture of the proximal 5th metatarsal.
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