The Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group (MCG) archaea were firstly detected from a hot spring (Barnsetal.1996) and later proposed with a name in a study surveying 16S rRNA gene sequences from marine subsurface sediments (Inagakietal.2003). Furthermore, in contrast to the consistent vertical distribution of all archaeal lineages in freshwater sediments with almost no abundance changes, the total abundance of all Bathyarchaeota and the fraction of Subgroup-15 increase along with the depths of sediments, with significantly high abundance within the archaeal community (Liuetal.2014). More recently, acetogenesis, a metabolic process deemed to be restricted to the domain bacteria, was also suggested to take place in some lineages of Bathyarchaeota (Heetal.2016; Lazaretal.2016), expanding the metabolic potential of archaea. Furthermore, another study demonstrated that the archaeal communities of the sulfatemethane transition zone at diffusion-controlled sediments of Aarhus Bay (Denmark) contain considerable amounts of Bathyarchaeota; the overall archaeal community structure did not change greatly during the experimentits diversity was lower after 6 months of incubation under heterotrophic conditions, with periodic modest sulfate and acetate additions (Websteretal.2011). The exclusive archaeal origin of the Ack-Pta homoacetogenesis pathway is different from other archaeal acetogenesis systems but shares functional similarity with its bacterial origin counterparts, although it is phylogenetically divergent (Heetal.2016). Markers for individual pathway/function were scanned against genomes using the HMM and KEGG databases (Anantharamanetal.2016; Kanehisa, Sato and Morishima 2016; Spang, Caceres and Ettema 2017). Community, Distribution, and Ecological Roles of Estuarine Archaea These results have not only demonstrated multiple and important ecological functions of this archaeal phylum, but also paved the way for a detailed understanding of the evolution and metabolism of archaea as such. Methane metabolism pathways have been identified in members of phylum Bathyarchaeota and in the recently discovered phylum Verstraetearchaeota, placing the origin of methanogenesis before the divergence of Euryarchaeota (Evansetal.2015; Vanwonterghemetal.2016). Moreover, with the rapid development and application of 16S rRNA-based high-throughput sequencing techniques for microbial ecological profiling, and 16S rRNA-independent microbial metagenomic profiling that avoids the issue of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer bias, a much clearer distribution pattern of diverse bathyarchaeotal subgroups can be expected; at the same time, higher resolution of local physicochemical characteristics will facilitate classification of ecological niches of bathyarchaeotal subgroups into more detailed geochemical categories. Because of the universal distribution and predominance of Bathyarchaeota, not only in the marine sediments but also in terrestrial sediments and various other eco-niches, and because of their versatile metabolism (including acetogenesis, methane metabolism, and dissimilatory nitrate and sulfate reduction) and potential interactions with ANME archaea, acetoclastic methanogens and heterotrophic bacteria, the ecological importance of this group of generalists has entered the limelight and needs further exploration. (2016) demonstrated that half of the bathyarchaeotal genomes encode a set of phosphate acetyltransferase (Pta) and acetate kinase (Ack) for acetate production or assimilation, usually observed in bacteria. Metabolic pathways of the (Kuboetal.2012), and the outgroup sequences of Crenarchaeota, YNPFFA group and Korarchaeota were added. A group called Peat MCG (pMCG) (Xiangetal.2017) was also listed on the tree; however, because there was only one represented sequence after dereplication at 90% similarity of all bathyarchaeotal 16S rRNA gene sequences, we did not list pMCG as a separate subgroup in this tree (Fig. (Fig. Four major heterotrophic pathways centralized on the acetyl-CoA generation are summarized below, reflecting the core metabolism of fermentation and acetogenesis (Fig. PubChem BioAssay. Because of their high sequence coverage and bathyarchaeotal sequence specificity, MCG528 and MCG732 primers are recommended for the detection and quantification of Bathyarchaeota (Kuboetal.2012); nevertheless, this primer pair is not suitable for quantifying Bathyarchaeota in freshwater columns and sediments (Filloletal.2015). Furthermore, genes encoding ATP sulfurylase, for the reduction of sulfate to adenosine 5-phosphosulfate, and adenylyl-sulfate reductase, for the reduction of adenosine 5-phosphosulfate to sulfite, were identified in a metagenomic assembly of Bathyarchaeota TCS49 genome from the Thuwal cold seep brine pool of the Red Sea; this suggests that specific bathyarchaeotal members might harbor a dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway, indicating the existence of additional potential metabolic capacities of Bathyarchaeota (Zhangetal.2016). However, in a study investigating the archaeal lipidome in the White Oak River estuary, the presence of the recently discovered butanetriol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers correlated well with bathyarchaeotal abundance along the sediment depth (Meadoretal.2015). Furthermore, the phylogeny of concatenated alignments constituting 12 ribosomal proteins obtained from currently available bathyarchaeotal genomes (from GenBank, 29 November 2017 updated) was also reconstructed, which showed a similar topology to those of 16S rRNA genes with a few exceptions in Subgroup-17 (Fig. WebArchaea (/ r k i / ar-KEE-; singular archaeon / r k i n /) is a domain of single-celled organisms.These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes.Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (in the Archaebacteria kingdom), but this term has fallen out of use.. Archaeal cells have It harbors methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR)-encoding genes, and many identified and unidentified methyltransferase-encoding genes for the utilization of various methylated compounds, but lacks most of the genes encoding the subunits of Na+-translocating methyl-H4MPT:coenzyme M methyltransferase, suggesting that the organism does not engage in hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. Bathyarchaeota occupied about 60% of the total archaea in the Jiulong River, China (Li et al. The primer pair MCG242dF/MCG528R may potentially be used for the determination of the bathyarchaeotal community abundance, with relatively high subgroup coverage and specificity in silico; however, experimental tests are needed to confirm this. ( 2012) conducted a comprehensive analysis of the biogeographical distribution of Bathyarchaeota and found that it was the dominant archaeal population in anoxic, low-activity subsurface sediments. In the two recent metagenomic bathyarchaeotal binning studies, nearly all the identified bins placed H4MPT as a C1-carrier in the WoodLjungdahl pathway, which is often used by the methanogenic archaea for carbon fixation (Heetal.2016; Lazaretal.2016). In a recent study exploring the stratified distribution of archaeal groups in a tropical water column, the analysis of archaeal 16S rRNA community distribution was combined with isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipid abundance information to reveal that glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether lacking the cyclopentane rings [GDGT(0)] likely originated from the Bathyarchaeota-enriched layer in the water column (Bucklesetal.2013). It is well known that isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether lipids are specifically synthesized by archaea. Recently, another meta-analysis using newly acquired global sediment bathyarchaeotal sequences resulted in the addition of two more subgroups, Subgroups-18 and -19, with high bootstrap supporting values (96% and 86%, respectively) (Filloletal.2016). Evans PN, Parks DH, Chadwick GL et al. The members of the Bathyarchaeota are the most abundant archaeal components of the transitional zone between the freshwater and saltwater benthic sediments along the Pearl River, with a central position within the co-occurrence network among other lineages (Liuetal.2014). Along with the widespread distribution of Bathyarchaeota, i.e. Laso-Prez R, Wegener G, Knittel K et al. Bathyarchaeota was initially proposed to form a distinct cluster closely related to Aigarchaeota and hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeota; because of their terrestrial origin (Barnsetal.1996) (such as freshwater lakes and hot springs), the name Terrestrial MCG was temporarily proposed (Takaietal.2001). Further, the IndVal index, which reflects the level of relative abundance and frequency of occurrence, suggests that selective bathyarchaeotal subgroups are bio-indicator lineages in both freshwater and saline environments, as determined by a multivariate regression tree analysis (Filloletal.2016). In the case of Subgroup-15, which branched away from other groups, MCG242dF would be associated with a relatively low coverage efficiency in the absence of nucleotide mismatches, but high (above 80%) coverage efficiency with 1 or 2 nucleotide mismatches; similarly, MCG678R would be associated with a limited coverage efficiency in the absence of nucleotide mismatches, but the coverage efficiency increases considerably with 1 or 2 nucleotide mismatches. The metagenomic binning of WOR estuarine sediment DNA led to the reconstruction of draft genomes of four widespread Bathyarchaeota, with the genome completeness in the range of 4898% (Lazaretal.2016). 2012 ). Anantharaman K, Brown CT, Hug LA et al. These physiological, ecological and evolutionary features place Bathyarchaeota in the spotlight of current microbial ecology studies, encouraging further explorations of their impact on global and local biogeochemical carbon cycling. Callac N, Rommevaux-Jestin C, Rouxel O et al. Search for other works by this author on: State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China, Catabolic and anabolic energy for chemolithoautotrophs in deep-sea hydrothermal systems hosted in different rock types, Thousands of microbial genomes shed light on interconnected biogeochemical processes in an aquifer system, Global ecological patterns in uncultured Archaea, Perspectives on archaeal diversity, thermophily and monophyly from environmental rRNA sequences, A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land, Heterotrophic Archaea dominate sedimentary subsurface ecosystems off Peru, Metagenomic signatures of the Peru Margin subseafloor biosphere show a genetically distinct environment, A 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